原則與例外：武德中後期「偽亂地」廢省寺僧之實施

Rules and Exceptions: The Purge of Buddhist Monasteries and Monastics in the Enemy-occupied Territories during the Later Years of Wude Period

武德四年平定王世充、竇建德之後不久，李淵即以「偽亂地僧，是非難識」為由，下敕在「偽亂地」採取「州別一寺，留三十僧，餘者從俗」的嚴厲廢省措施。此後，該敕成為「關東舊格」，相繼在「偽鄭」「偽梁」「偽夏∕漢東」「偽宋」等原割據政權轄區實施。根據史傳、僧傳、寺院碑誌以及傳統石刻等不同類別與性質的文獻記載，在相當數量的個案研究的基礎之上，可以大致梳理這項廢省政策在「偽亂地」的實施情況（包括廢省的範圍與力度、每州寺院與僧尼的廢省數量、每州所保留的寺與僧、寺院財產處置等情況）。陷偽諸州在入唐伊始，即著手廢省事宜，經過約半年至一年的準備之後，開始具體執行廢省敕。除了那些在唐軍平定「偽亂地」的過程中曾為唐軍立過軍功的寺院和僧人之外，其他寺院和僧尼都要嚴格按「關東舊格」實施廢省。即每州只保留一寺三十僧（尼），其餘僧尼還俗、寺產被沒。與此前歷代沙汰僧尼不同的是，此次廢省幾乎以「偽亂地」全部寺院與僧尼為對象。而就保留僧、寺的數量來看，此次「偽亂地」廢省的嚴酷程度，幾乎可以與唐武宗會昌滅佛相比。如此，李唐武德中後期在「偽亂地」施行的廢省寺僧之政策，就有懲罰和廢省佛教的雙重性質，影響深遠。

Following the pacification of the troops of Wang Shichong (王世充) and Dou Jiande (竇建德) in 621, Li Yuan, Emperor Gaozu of Tang, issued a decree that only one temple would be allowed for in each prefecture in the enemy-occupied territories. The maximum number of resident Buddhist monastics was thirty and those exceeding this number were all laicized. The overriding rationale was the difficulty in distinguishing the legitimate monastics from illegitimate ones. This decree, later known as “the decree of the eastern provinces,” was subsequently implemented in the local warlords’ territories such as Zheng (鄭), Liang (梁), Xia (夏), and Song (宋) states. This paper pieces together a wide array of sources, such as dynastic chronicles, monastic biographies, stele inscriptions of the monasteries, and inscriptions recorded in the local gazetteers, and it uses a series of case studies as the basis to investigate how the purge was executed in these territories, specifically the scope and intensity, the actual number of purged temples and male/female monastics in each prefecture, and the handling of monastic properties. The purge was initiated shortly after the enemy-occupied territories were being unified into the Tang dynasty map. Following a preparation period of six months to one year, the decree began to take effect in these territories. With the exception of the monastics who assisted in Tang’s military campaigns against the local warlords, all the other monastics and their monasteries were purged, in strict observance of “the decree of the eastern provinces.” Unlike any of the preceding dynasties, this purge covered the entire enemy-occupied territories. The severity in the purge of monastics and monasteries was comparable to the notorious suppression of Buddhism in the Huichang period under the reign of Wuzong. Therefore, the objective of the purge carried out in the later years of Wude period was two-fold: to punish the monastics within these territories and to limit the influence of Buddhist monasteries. The impact of Gaozu’s policy was deeply felt by his successors.