清代到日治時代臺灣統治理性的演變：以生命刑為中心的地方法律社會史考察

The Evolution of Governmentality in Taiwan from the Qing Dynasty to the Japanese Colonial Period: An Analysis of Local Legal-Social History Focusing on Capital Punishment

本文以「地方法律社會史」的研究取徑，透過清代到日治時期臺灣的國家統治理性與社會秩序變遷歷程的分析，來討論清代到日治時代生命刑法律文化的演變。首先，本文指出清帝國統治臺灣期間，其以家產官僚組織為基礎的傳統統治理性，無法有效防止抗官民變、分類械鬥與命盜重案的頻繁發生。同時，奠基於這種傳統統治理性的刑事法律體制，也無法進行有效的死罪案件之審理，很多命盜重犯被官府以臨機處分方式隨意處死，更有大量的重罪犯者，逍遙法外免於官府的生命刑程序之處置。其次，日治初期幾年間面對臺灣社會的武裝抗日運動，殖民政府最初係以軍事鎮壓方式隨意處死罪犯，並未經由正式的生命刑法律程序之合法處置。但其後殖民政府透過各種行政與法律改革，建立起以科層官僚組織為基礎的近代統治理性，其對臺灣各籍人群與地理空間的治理能力因此大增。這種近代統治理性不僅有效減少臺灣的社會動亂與命盜重案，同時建立起近代刑事法律體制而得以有效地對死罪案件進行法律審理與司法處置，清代統治時期的那種大規模的暴力混亂與對死刑犯罪的寬縱因此不再出現。

Adopting the framework of “local legal-social history,” this paper analyzes the evolution of governmentality and social order in Taiwan from the Qing dynasty to the Japanese colonial period. Firstly, the article points out that during the Qing dynasty, the traditional governmentality of imperial government that relied on patrimonial bureaucracy could not effectively stem the frequent occurrences of anti-official uprising and ethnic strife. At the same time, the criminal justice system that was based on traditional governmentality was also incapable of delivering effective legal sanctions against capital crimes. Many criminals were randomly executed by the government without due process, and there were also many criminals who escaped from capital punishment of the government. Secondly, in the face of a multitude of local anti-Japanese movements, the Japanese colonial government initially executed Taiwanese insurgents at random by military forces without due process. Since then, however, the colonial government had gradually established a body of modern governmentality that was based on rational bureaucracy through various administrative and legal reforms, and its ability to govern Taiwanese of different ethnicities and geographic locations had greatly improved. This modern governmentality not only effectively lowered occurrences of armed riots, feuds among ethnic groups and major crimes in Taiwan, but also facilitated the establishment of a modern criminal justice system capable of effectively carrying out due process and legal sanctions in respect of capital crime cases. Afterwards, there was hardly ever any large-scale violent chaos or indulgence in the escape of criminals of capital crimes commonly seen during the Qing dynasty.