明代軍戶家族的戶與役：以水澄劉氏為例

Household Registration and Service Obligations of Military-Household Families during the Ming: A Case Study of the Shuicheng Lius

明襲元制，以徭役定戶籍。軍役由世襲軍戶承擔，為確保軍役能持續不斷，明初規定軍戶不能分戶。嘉靖以後，隨著里甲黃冊制度漸趨變質，分戶反而成為地方官員藉以均平徭役的手段。特別在一條鞭法實施之後，明初以來以戶數原則編成里甲的要求不再具有意義；照田派役的結果，田多丁眾的軍戶可能被分割為數個徭役單位，登載在實徵冊中。面對此一趨勢，清軍御史也相應提出對策，隆慶六年的軍政條例就要求「見年均徭冊」的記錄需同時刊入軍、民黃冊。「戶」與「籍」成為兩個不同的概念，「分戶」不影響「同籍」。《水澄劉氏家譜》是東林黨人劉宗周的家譜，本文通過崇禎年間劉宗周修譜時留下的有關其家戶籍的記錄，除介紹劉氏軍籍來源、分擔軍役狀況，更將原籍軍戶的里甲賦役負擔放在賦役發展史的脈絡中加以分析，期能理解賦役改革浪潮下，政府為掌握特殊戶役戶的「戶」與「籍」，做過哪些妥協或堅持。

The Ming government adopted the household registration system of the Yuan dynasty, wherein one’s household was registered by the kind of corvée labor and public service that one had to take, and military service was taken by hereditary military households. In order to make sure that the military service was always fulfilled, military households were not allowed to be divided during the early Ming. From the Jiajing period, lijia and the original household registration system (the “yellow registers”) gradually deteriorated. In order to keep the civil service fulfilled and reasonably allocated to registered households, local officials adjusted the composition of registered households by reorganizing, and sometimes dividing, them. After the implementation of the Single-Whip policy, the early-Ming principle that civil service was taken in turn among lijia, a designated number of registered households in the yellow registers, each year was no longer effective, and the obligations of civil service were allocated by the portion of actual lands and population of each household. Therefore, military households with much lands and many adult males might be divided into several units for civil service, and a different register was created to record the actual service allocation and the division of civil service units. Dealing with this situation, Troop-purifying Censors developed their own strategy. In the sixth year of the Longqing reign, the regulations of military administration required that the records in the registers of current allocation of civil service had to be attached to the entries in military and civil yellow registers. Household units registered in civil and military registers and household units actually taking public service became officially recognized as two different categories, so that a household being divided to fulfill the requirement of civil service could be still registered as the same household in official records, and a family registered as military household in yellow registers could have the allocated civil service obligations. The Genealogy of Shuicheng Lius was the genealogy of Liu Zongzhou, an important figure of the Donglin party. Based on the records of household registrations that were preserved when the genealogy was compiled, in the Chongzhen reign, this article investigates the origin of their military household registration, the allocation of military service obligation within the household, and, furthermore, analyses the civil service that this military-household family had to fulfill in the context of the reformation of tax and corvée system, revealing the efforts the government, under such transformation, made to negotiate with the current situation and manage non-civil households and their service obligation.