從斗形爵的稱謂談到三足爵的命名

On the Naming of the Dou Shaped Jue and the Tripod Jue

學界以往對伯公父勺那類寬柄形器的定名存在爭議，有瓚、斗、勺、爵等多種命名。通過梳理以往觀點、辨析相關材料可知，過去定名成瓚、斗、勺都不可信。結合寬柄器的形制、自名、戰國遣冊等材料，再考慮到滕州博物館所藏寬柄形器的形制，筆者認為將此類器定名成爵更為合理。同時還論述了寬柄形器的功用，也通過考察器物出土時的搭配關係對勺形器進行了研究。三足器自宋代開始被定名成爵，一直延續至今日，學界多無異議。其實這一定名並不正確，通過材料的梳理可以發現，舊說存在很多疑問。而綜合燕侯旨器、魯侯器自名、三足器象形寫法的釋讀、金文中賞賜品類別等諸多方面，再參考近年新見的叔虞方鼎、楚公逆鐘、文王玉環、郳公鎛等銘文的考釋，這些不同材料指示的方向趨於一致，即將三足器的定名改成「觴」更為合理。至於三足器的功用，以往認識也存在分歧，有飲酒器、溫酒器、注酒器、濾酒器等多種意見，結合三足器自身的形制特點、三足器與其他器物的組合關係、古文字材料所反映出的相關信息，三足器應為祼祭用器。

Controversially, “wide handle objects” have been given various names, ranging from zan, dou, shao and jue. After a careful study of existing arguments and an analysis of related materials, this paper argues that they should not have been named as zan, dou, or shao. Studying the shape of these objects, their inscriptions, and the burial inventories (qian-ce) of the Warring States period, and taking into account the shape of artifacts in the Tengzhou Museum, the author believes that it is most reasonable to name this kind of artifact as jue. The function of “wide handle objects” is also discussed, and the “shao shaped object” is studied by looking at how these objects were placed when they were unearthed. Meanwhile, certain tripod objects have been identified as jue since the Song dynasty, but in fact, this name is not correct. Through an analysis of relevant materials, many questions arise. Looking at the inscriptions on the Yan Hou Zhi and Lu Hou artifacts, the form of the pictograph for “tripod object,” as well as the types of reward items listed in bronze inscriptions, together with interpretations of the inscriptions on the recently found Shu Yu Fang Ding, Chu Gong Ni Zhong, Wen Wang Yu Huan, Ni Gong Bo, this paper comes to the conclusion that it is more reasonable to instead name such tripod objects as shang. In the past, there have been various ideas about the function of these tripod objects, viewing them as drinking tools or wine-warming tools, wine-pouring tools or wine filters. Taking into consideration their own characteristics and shapes, their relationship with other artifacts, and information in inscriptions, they most likely were used in libation sacrifices (guan ji).