晉侯蘇鐘軍事地理問題研究──從柞伯鼎「昏邑」談起

A Military/Geographical Analysis of Bronze Inscriptions on the Jinhou Su Bianzhong: A Research Centered on the Zuobo Ding and the City of Hun

本文在重新考辨柞伯鼎銘所見「昏邑」地望基礎上，對學界曾廣泛關注的晉侯蘇編鐘軍事地理問題進行了系統研究。（一）本文首先從柞伯鼎銘所見地緣政治格局出發，論證以胙伯為前鋒主將、蔡侯為裨將一役所圍昏邑，應位於東國南境，今蘇魯豫皖四省交界地區，並進一步在讀音、交通位置、族源與實力對比四個方面指出，昏應指故地在今山東金鄉緡城堌堆遺址的有緡氏，夏商周三代始終活躍在此。（二）在此基礎上，受朱鳳瀚先生昏邑或指晉侯蘇鐘銘所見「城」一說啟發，通過對晉侯蘇鐘軍事地理問題相關諸說進行全面梳理，指出目前佔主流地位且在字形釋讀、行軍路線設計上相對合理的西鄆─宿─范縣之論說體系，實質是以「東平宿國」為地理基點，始終面臨不能解答文獻中南北兩宿並列史實的困境。從字形辨析入手，晉侯蘇鐘銘所見「濩水」應為更可靠的地理基準，不僅可有效解決兩宿並存的難題，且為通盤解決鐘銘軍事地理問題帶來重要契機。（三）與時下主流觀點不同，本文分析指出晉侯蘇鐘銘所記戰事應發生在古大野澤以南而非以北。具體而言，晉侯蘇東渡之「濩」指古獲水，其在春秋時亦稱「丹水」，兩周時期上源大致在今曹縣東南；宿夷地望雖無法確指，但結合銘意分析，應在獲水上游東岸一帶。至於周王與晉侯蘇分行地當指漢高祖即皇帝位之氾水沿線，在秦漢定陶縣境。最後，據鐘銘所見諸地名間的內在地理關聯，晉侯與周王合力攻打的城應在今金鄉境的古緡城，也就是柞伯鼎銘之昏邑。

By studying about the location of the city of Hun (昏) from the inscription on a bronze tripod casted in middle Western Zhou by the earl of Zuo state, this article hopes to systematically conduct a military and geographical analysis on the inscriptions of the bronze Jinhou Su Bianzhong (Marquis Su of Jin’s Chimes) from the late Western Zhou period. With a geostrategic analysis of her data, the author was convinced that the city of Hun, which was under siege by the troops led by Guozhong (虢仲), the earl of Zuo and the marquis of Cai on behalf of the Zhou royal family, was most likely situated in the southern Dongguo region, as the states of Zuo and Cai were two important vassals on the eastern plain. By comparing the pronunciation, traffic routes, ethnic origin as well as political power, the city of Hun was confirmed to show resemblance to an ancient clan named Min (緡), whose people were active during the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties at areas near present-day Mincheng (緡城) village, Jinxiang (金鄉) county, Shandong province. Inspired by Prof. Zhu Fenghan’s speculation about the correlation between the city of Hun and the city of Xun mentioned in the bronze inscriptions of Jinhou Su Bianzhong, the author then presented an argument against the mainstream Western-Yun (西鄆)─Dongping-Su state (東平宿國)─Fan county (范縣) hypothesis, as it is unable to provide a reasonable explanation to the historical fact that two Su states once coexisted in the western Dongguo region during the Zhou period. Accordingly, she proposed to use the Huoshui River as the new geographical basis point instead, and proved that this could possibly lead us to a systematic solution to the debates around the military geography mentioned in the bronze inscriptions of Jinhou Su Bianzhong. With multiple evidences as well as an effective analysis, the author believes that the battleground mentioned in the bronze inscriptions of Jinhou Su Bianzhong was somewhere south of the Dayeze Lake. The river which the marquis of Jin crossed eastward, the Huo River, was also called the Danshui River in the Spring and Autumn period, and during the Zhou dynasty, this river originated at places around present-day Cao county (曹縣) of Shandong. The location of Suyi, cannot be confirmed, but according to the inscriptions, it should be in the upper stream area of the Huoshui River, somewhere along its eastern bank. The place where the Zhou king and marquis Su of Jin departed from each other was somewhere along the Fanshui River, which was close to Qin and Han’s Dingtao county and where Liu Bang ascended to the throne. The Xun city ( 城), the last battleground, was probably the capital city of the Min state, or the city of Hun in the bronze inscription of the Zuobo Ding.