再造強權──準噶爾琿台吉策妄阿喇布坦崛起史新探

Power Reconstruction: New Exploration on the Rise of Hongtaiji Tsewang Rabtan in Dzungaria

十七世紀最後十年，內陸亞洲局勢風雲變幻。噶爾丹將準噶爾汗國締造為中亞霸主後，率眾東進，試圖重現「大蒙古國」之榮光，兵敗身死。康熙帝借機將喀爾喀與庫庫諾爾和碩特納入大清版圖，成為游牧部落之共主。惟有準噶爾在策妄阿喇布坦治下，維持一方諸侯之局，積蓄力量，謀求東山再起。策妄阿喇布坦是十七世紀末到十八世紀初準噶爾汗國的領袖。他幼年失怙，常年流浪，熱衷聲色，因狩獵而眇一目，因漁色而梅毒纏身，但又是傑出的政治家。一六八九年，他為免遭噶爾丹的毒手，逃往博羅塔拉，聯合阿努喀屯反對噶爾丹，曾在吐魯番生活數年。他曾襲擊科布多，噶爾丹失去大本營，被迫北走克穆齊克河。噶爾丹死後，他積極招攬內亞部落民，強制森林部落西遷沙喇伯勒，復將布魯特人遷往伊里，彼此牽制。經他苦心經營，準噶爾汗國從廢墟中再興，重新成為地區強權，聲威遠播中亞，與清朝抗衡近四十年之久。他的崛起不僅改變了準噶爾的命運，對中國史乃至亞洲史的走向也影響深遠。

During the last ten years of the 17th century, the political situation in Inner Asia shifted dramatically. After Galdan made the Dzungaria Khanate into the overlord of central Asia, he led his troops eastward, hoping to realize again the former glory of the Great Mongolian Empire, but ended up suffering complete defeat and died during this conquest. Kangxi the Great took this opportunity to annex Khalka and Kuku-nor Khoshotes (庫庫諾爾和碩特) into the Qing Empire and became the ruler of Mongolia. Dzungaria was the only place that remained independent, and its leader Tsewang Rabtan was eager to built up strength in order to fight another day. Tsewang Rabtan was the leader of the Dzungaria Khanate from the end of the 17th century to the beginning of the 18th century. He lost his father at a tender age, and spent most his youth wandering around. He was blind in one eye because of one hunting accident and suffered from syphilis because of his lustfulness, but nonetheless he was also an outstanding politician. In 1689, to escape from Galdan’s pursuit, Tsewang Rabtan fled to the Bortala valley (博羅塔拉), where he gained support from Anu Khatun and formed an alliance against Galdan. He also lived for several years in Turman (吐魯番) after 1689. After securing victory in the battle of Kobdo, Tsewang Rabtan forced Galdan out of his base area, fleeing northward to the Kemchik River region. Upon Galdan’s death, Tsewang Rabtan gathered the Inner Asian tribesmen, while forcing the forest tribes to move westward to Sirabel (沙喇伯勒) and the Burut tribes to move to Ili, so to ensure a check and balance among the different tribes was in place. With Tsewang Rabtan’s painstaking efforts, the Dzungaria Khanate rose from the ruins and again grew into the leading central Asian power that resisted the Qing dynasty for forty years. The rise of Tsewang Rabtan not only changed the fate of the Dzungaria Khanate, but also produced some far-reaching influences to the development of the Chinese and Asian history.