異姓別籍或復姓歸宗：以廬江錢氏家族為例

Yi Xing Bie Ji and Fu Xing Gui Zong: A Case Study on the Qian Family of Lujiang

本文透過對廬江錢氏家族歷史的個案分析，探討軍籍對家族形成的影響。廬江錢氏本姓何，始祖何貴四，洪武二十七年因長子何瓊為事充軍，全家論戍貴州都勻衛，為使當軍者日後能得到原籍的支援，暗中將次子何璵留在原籍。何璵先是附籍三都為民籍，後於永樂元年歸併歸宗於錢富一戶成為竈籍，並且改姓名為錢裕。錢富一為吳越武肅王之後，何璵也因此成為武肅王後裔。天順八年，都勻衛軍何真狀告何璵子孫脫漏軍籍，請求勾軍。為避軍役，何璵子孫勾結里老，將何璵冒作民籍伯父何貴三之次子而結案。正德三年，錢裕曾孫錢琦以民籍中進士；嘉靖十一、十四、十七年，錢琦姪錢薇、三子錢萱、次子錢芹相繼中進士，然而登科錄中記載的三人戶籍卻分別是軍籍、軍民籍、軍籍。錢琦致仕後一度積極謀求復姓，最後礙於軍民異籍、避重就輕的刑責問題被迫放棄。一直要等到入清以後，才由錢薇玄孫錢汝霖付諸實現，但他的復姓之舉並未得到宗人的支持，更因無後成為絕響。另一方面，他的從姪錢陳羣，卻在乾隆二十七年聖駕南巡時，代表武肅王錢氏恭進武肅王鐵券，儼然武肅王嫡系。此一家族鉅變，不能不說是因為軍籍而引起。

This paper explores the influences imposed by military status on clans through a case study on the family history of the Qian family of Lujiang. The Qian family of Lujiang traced back to He Guisi, whose whole family household was sentenced to station in Duyun Guard in year 1394 due to his eldest son He Qiong’s failure to fulfill his civil duties. Hoping those sentenced for military exile may maintain the tie with the original clan, He Guisi surreptitiously left behind his second son He Yu, who was first listed under other local civic household as non-native population. He was later adopted by Qian Fu Yi in year 1403, renamed as Qian Yu, inherited Qian’s salt maker status, and became a descendant of King Wu Su of Wu Yue. In 1464, solider He Zhen from Duyun Guard accused He Yu and his descendants of shirking their military duties. Colluded with local seniors, He Yu’s descendants disguised He Yu as the second son of civilian He Guisan, brother of He Guisi, and closed the case. Qian Qi, great grandson of Qian Yu, earned his jinshi (進士) degree in 1508, and was recorded as coming from a civilian household. Qian Wei (Qian Qi’s nephew), Qian Xuan (Qian Qi’s 3rd son) and Qian Qin (Qian Qi’s 2nd son) obtained their jinshi degree in year 1532, 1535 and 1538 respectively, and yet, they were recorded in the respective Namelist of Graduates of the Palace Examination as coming from military household, military-civilian household and military household. Qian Qi had once attempted to restore his original family name, but finally gave up due to the severe punishment for those shirking military status. Much later in the Qing dynasty, Qian Wei’s 4th generation descendant Qian Rulin finally restored the last name, though no other member of the clan followed his suit and he also ended up being the only attempt as he had no offspring. On the other hand, acting as a direct heir to King Wu Su, Rulin’s nephew Qian Chenqun presented the iron credentials (鐵券tie quan), which the family has long inherited from the King, to Emperor Qianlong during the emperor’s expedition to the south. Truly, military status marks the root of all these dramatic changes.