宋代地區道教的個案研究──廣州道觀、道堂及道院

Local Daoism of the Song Dynasty (960-1279): Guangdong Daoist Temples, Altars and Monasteries

本論文將主要根據現存保留宋代廣州城和附近八縣鄉修建道觀、道堂和道院資料最為詳盡的成化《廣州志》（1473），分析廣州道教廟宇營建與宋代廣州地區的經濟、人口和城鄉發展之間的關係，希望由此整理出宋代時期廣州城鄉道觀的地區發展及其獨特性，以此作為一個具有代表性的宋代道教地區個案研究。成化《廣州志》中記載至成化年間（1465-1487） 在廣州各縣仍存在的自唐代以來已建成的道觀有四所、道堂有四所，而創建於兩宋三百年間的新道觀有七所、道堂十五所、道院一所。其中所收錄的民間修建道院和道堂的資料，有力地說明：雖然宋代政府一般是通過「繫籍」和「賜額」的制度，來規管和承認各地道觀的合法性存在；但是，在宋代民間社會，不僅多有未獲朝廷頒發廟額的私建道觀存在，並且，由於道教日漸深入民間，縣鄉普通民眾對道教神明的奉祀，也愈來愈普及化和地方化，以致宋代民間興建的規模較小的道院和道堂不斷湧現，而實際的數字不會是一個小數目。因此，我們不能只從國家賜額與否的官方立場和政策，去掌握宋代地方民間私建道教廟宇之風。雖然本論文的研究只限於廣州道教，未及與同時期的佛教或民間廟宇等資料作比較，但是我們相信道教廟宇的營造情況可以作為中國地方社會經濟、人口和城市發展的指標，反之亦然。宋代廣州道觀（堂、院）的增長和深入民間，正是與兩宋間廣州的社會經濟發展有密切關係。本論文希望通過從具體情況出發，對一個遠離中央政府的地區社會的研究，在學界歷來專注於宋代君主尊崇道教和神道設教的國家論述以外，試圖尋找道教信仰在廣州府縣得到發展的地方性動力。

This article takes the area of Guangzhou during the Song dynasty (960-1279) as a case study for an examination of the development of Daoism during this period. The history of the Daoist temples, altars and monasteries is investigated in the city of Guangzhou and its eight counties with regard to the development of the economy and population of the Pearl River Delta region during the Song era. Based mainly on the Guangzhou Gazetteer Guangzhou zhi (廣州志) dated from the Ming dynasty Chenghua (成化) period (1465-1487), we find that during the Chenghua era there existed four Daoist temples and four Daoist altars preserved from the Tang dynasty in the various counties of Guangzhou. Furthermore, new Daoist sites were built during the Song period, including seven temples, fifteen altars and one monastery. The article examines Guangzhou and its eight counties in relation to the economy, population and overall development of the area, thus providing a deeper understanding of the dissemination of the worship of Daoist deities in local society. It was not only through the granting of titles and government authorization that such beliefs developed. Rather, local society also took on an active role by establishing privately owned Daoist places of worship. The Chenghua Guangzhou zhi documents details of the Daoist temples, altars and monasteries of Guangzhou and its eight counties from the Song until the Ming dynasty. It is generally believed that the management and construction of Daoist buildings were only carried out according to the official process of granting titles and legitimacy by the Song government. The article, however, demonstrates that some temples existed without the approval of the court and were built privately. This shows the popularization of Daoism among the local population. And, the actual number of locally built Daoist temples should not be underestimated. The analysis of a locality far away from the central government provides a glimpse into the development of Daoism in Guangzhou in a period that saw the emperors of the Song venerating Daoism and pushing people toward virtue using the treat of final retribution. This paper may serve as an indicator of the local development of the economy, population and urbanization; as well as the basis for further analysis such as a comparison with the development of Buddhist or popular local temples.