北朝晚期漢地粟特人葬具與北魏墓葬文化──以北齊安陽石棺床為主的考察

Stone Funerary Couches of the Late Northern Dynasties Period: Rethinking the Funerary Culture of the Sogdians in China

本文藉由復原一套北魏石棺床圍屏來彌補目前關於北魏石棺床認識的不足，並在這個新的基礎上檢視安陽粟特石棺床的特徵，考察漢地粟特人葬具與北魏墓葬文化的關係。安陽石棺床圍屏兼具中央對稱、由內而外的排列順序以及「三幅成組」的敘事單位，其淵源均須由北魏圍屏的布局來加以探求。由於北魏石棺床圖像中已經出現援引佛教因素的現象，安陽石棺床中轉用佛教圖像並非粟特人的創新，而是延續了北魏平城時期石棺床圖像配置的特色，因此藏於弗利爾美術館（Freer Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.）床座應屬於安陽石棺床原有的構件。自北魏滅北涼至北魏末年為北朝粟特人在地化的重要階段；北朝晚期粟特人偏好使用圍屏石棺床與屋型葬具的現象，必須由粟特人在北魏時期活動內容性質的變化來加以認識。漢地粟特人將北魏石棺床圍屏的結構轉化為自我敘事的語法。

In the past decade, numerous studies have been conducted to investigate the Sogdian origin of stone funerary couches from the late Northern Dynasties period. This paper looks instead at the elements these couches share with their Northern Wei predecessors. I begin with the reconstruction of a Northern Wei stone funerary couch, which then serves as a basis for comparison with later examples of funerary couches from the Northern Qi and Northern Zhou dynasties. I argue that the shape and structure of couches from the two periods, as well as shared Buddhist decoration motifs serve to closely connect the different couch groups. Furthermore, during the Northern Wei period, a unique composition was developed to accommodate decor on stone plaques surrounding funerary couches, namely the division of each plaque into three columns (or panels) displaying scenes that may or may not form a coherent sequence. This compositional structure was later employed in Northern Qi and Northern Zhou tombs, but was re-interpreted as a surface containing three consecutive scenes forming narrative depictions. In the paper, I continue on to examine the style of carvings found on stone funerary couches in Anyang, Henan. Evidence shows that these carvings are likely the product of collaboration between Sogdian and Chinese artisans-that is, while Sogdian craftsmen produced relief carving on panels surrounding the couches, the Chinese were responsible for carving the lower portions of couches. Finally, in the conclusion of the article, I propose that the Sogdians' adoption of Northern Wei funerary practices during the late Northern Dynasties period was an attempt to build a collective memory in which Sogdians strove to reconnect with their foreign roots.