明北京行都督府考

An Analysis of the Beijing Branch Military Commission in the Ming Dynasty

「北京行都督府」為「北京留守行後軍都督府」之簡稱。這個機構存在的時間非常短暫，乃是配合永樂元年北京的建立，在正式定都北京之前的一個臨時性地方軍事機構。其前身為北平都司，但位階在都司之上，規模也遠大於一般都司。本文除說明其制度變遷外，對於曾經隸屬於北京行都督府的諸衛所建置情況，亦詳加考證，旨在說明該機構之規模變化。又因其鄰近地區衛所曾為配合該機構之成立進行過幾波調動，從而促成明代都司軍事邊界與布政司行政邊界「犬牙相制」體制之完成，本文因此亦著重介紹了相關衛所遷徙狀況，用以說明近畿地區形成「犬牙相制」體制之過程。

The Beijing Branch Military Commission (Beijing xing dudufu 北京行都督府) was the abbreviation for the Beijing Defense Branch Rear Chief Military Commission (Beijing liushou xinghoujun dudufu 北京留守行後軍都督府). The Beijing Branch Military Commission existed for only a very short period of time (twenty-two years altogether). It was established in 1403, abolished in 1420, then rejuvenated in 1425 and permanently abolished in 1428. The Beijing Branch Military Commission was established during the Yongle Period and was essentially a temporary, regional military headquarter stationed in Beijing prior to the official establishment of the capital of Beijing. The Beiping Regional Military Commission (Beiping Dusi 北平都司) was the predecessor of the Beijing Branch Military Commission. However, after it was changed to the latter, it was of higher ranking and larger scope than that of an ordinary Dusi. In addition to exploring the institutional changes in the Beijing Branch Military Commission, this article also contains an in-depth discussion of the establishment of various Guards and Battalions (weisuo, 衛所) which were under the supervision of the Beijing Branch Military Commission, in order to gain insights into the transformations of the scope of the Beijing Branch Military Commission during this period. The fact that Guards and Battalions in the vicinity of Beijing were reorganized a number of times to facilitate the establishment of the Beijing Branch Military Commission spurred the formation of a rather comprehensive interlocking of provincial-level Regional Military Commissions on one hand and Provincial Administration Commissions (Buzhengsi, 布政司) on the other. Consequently they were geographically intertwined and thus mutually limited each other's power. This article thus focuses on the re-location and transformation of various related Guards and Battalions in order to shed light on the formation of interlocking civil/military institutions in regions near the capital during the Ming Dynasty.