明末薩爾滸之役的潰敗與西洋大砲的引進

The Defeat in the Battle of Saerhu (1619) and the Introduction of European-style Muzzle Loading Artillery into Late-Ming China

薩爾滸之役（1619）是十七世紀全世界規模最大的會戰之一。後金以其訓練精良的弓箭手，搭配雷霆萬鈞的鐵騎，大敗過度迷信火器的明軍。本文首度從武器和戰術的角度，探討此役勝負的關鍵，並釐清明軍的大敗如何促使協理京營戎政黃克纘（1550-1634）積極仿鑄歐洲前膛裝填式火砲，更進一步細究該批「呂宋大銅砲」的製造與南洋地區閩籍工匠間的關係，及其未能在稍後瀋遼之役（1621）力挽狂瀾的原因。此一研究匡正了先前學界所以為是徐光啟（1562-1633）等天主教徒首先將西洋火砲引進中國的錯誤認知。

The Battle of Saerhu (1619) was one of the largest battles in the 17th-century world. Although the Ming army was equipped with a large quantity of firearms, it was nevertheless completely defeated by the well trained archers and armed cavalry of the Manchu troops. This article investigates the key elements of this battle from the viewpoint of weaponry and military tactics. The author also attempts to clarify the role of the Deputy Director of Military Affairs to Beijing, Huang Kezuan (1550-1634), who supervised the casting of Spanish-style muzzle loading guns and delivered them to the battlefields in Liaodong. These guns were manufactured by craftsmen of southern Fujian who went to Manila to earn a living. The author explains why these guns did not help lead the Ming army to victory in the battles of Shenyang and Liaoyang (1621). The author also corrects the previous belief that European-style muzzle loading artillery was first introduced into China by Christian converts such as Xu Guangqi (1562-1633).