允文允武──漢代官吏的一種典型

Dexterity in Wen and Wu: A Model of Han Officials

本文利用文獻、考古和碑刻畫象資料，試圖說明源出封建時代以「允文允武」作為官員品質典範的理想，最少到東漢末年仍持續未衰。本文從一般認為比較儒家化的東漢晚期說起，以回溯的方式，分析兩漢官員的：（1）養成教育，（2）仕宦過程，（3）生涯實態，（4）衣冠配飾，和（5）死後的哀榮。出仕者一生的歷程，從教育養成、仕宦歷程和仕宦中的實際狀況，到人生結束為後人留下足堪法式的記憶，在兩漢四百年官僚文化中隱隱然有大體的理想模式可循。這就是所謂的典型或典範。在強調社會階序，或者說重禮的漢代，車馬衣冠是官僚身分和地位的重要象徵。如果文武有輕重或差異，不難從衣冠服飾看出端倪。分析以上五端，本文的一個結論是：兩漢固然重文，但非經武。文武兼修才是官員的典型，才受到肯定和頌讚。

Based on literary, archaeological, and pictorial sources, this essay argues that the ideal Han official was expected to be dexterous both in wen 文 and wu 武. Scholars commonly believe that as soon as the officialdom of Han became Confucianized, especially after the establishment of the Eastern Han, the quality and value of wen was much more appreciated than that of wu. This essay analyzes central and local officials' education, their career courses, actual services, customs, and the way of eulogy after their death. It concludes that even in the highly Confucianized Eastern Han society, officials were trained not only in Confucian classics, but also in riding, shooting, and military strategy, dressed with sword, fulfilled both civil and military duties, and were eulogized for outstanding achievements in both wen and wu.