明代江西衛所屯田與漕運的關係

The Relationship between Grain Transportation and Military Farms of the Chiang-hsi Guards and Battalions in the Ming Dynasty

明代有漕地區衛所內的屯田，有「漕運屯田」之稱。漕運與屯田關係之密切，不言而喻。本文以江西地區為例，指出江西衛所自永樂二年全面推展軍屯，十二年復被派撥漕運，當時的運軍有不少是由有屯軍戶派撥的。屯軍赴運，屯田改由戶下餘丁耕種，甚者改由佃耕，運軍則坐取租利。成化以後，運軍負擔逐漸加重，屯田卻多為豪強所佔，或因年遠不知田所，致淪於佃戶之手。運軍缺乏屯田奧援，破家者比比皆是。萬曆以後，贛州、吉安等地開始嘗試依屯田等則分攤運務；或以屯田餘租供運軍贍運；或將軍戶按丁、產高下區分戶等，分派軍役，屯田與漕運的關係遂密不可分。而清代衛所屯田與漕運的關係，就是在這個基礎上繼續發展完成的。

The close relationship between grain transportation and military farms of the Ming dynasty is revealed by the term ''Military Farms for Grain Transportation,'' (ts'ao-yün t'un-t'ien 漕運屯田) referring to the farms of the Guards and Battalions (wei-so 衛所) that supplied the transportation grain. Taking Chiang-hsi as an example, this essay illustrates that, once the military farms were fully developed after 1404 and assigned to grain transportation in 1414, many of the transportation-troops (yün-chün 運軍) were recruited from the farm-troops (t'un-chün 屯軍) whose families owned military farms. After these farm-troops had left home for their transportation duties, the cultivation of their military farms was left to the remaining adults of their families or even to their tenants, while the transportation-troops continued to receive rents. However, while the burdens of the transportation-troops grew steadily after 1465, their military farms were increasingly taken over by bullies or, due to the loss of registration records after long years, lost to their tenants. Without the economic support of their military farms, many transportation-troops were impoverished. After 1573, some places like Kan-chou Prefecture (贛州府) and Chi-an Prefecture (吉安府) began to allot transportation duties according to the productivity of the military farms or by ranking the military households by property and adult population. In other cases, surplus from rents was used to subsidize the living and vessel construction expenses incurred during the grain transportation. These elements worked to form a close relationship between military farms and grain transportation, which the Ch'ing dynasty inherited and consolidated.