論德國財產權保障與紀念物保護（Denkmalschutz）的關係──對我國文化資產保存法的獎勵或補助措施之省思

Property Rights Guarantee System of German Basic Law Reflections on the Reward or Subsidy Measures of My Country’s Cultural Assets Preservation Law

德意志聯邦共和國基本法在其第14條保障財產權。土地所有權人受到自然或紀念物保護之拘束，德國聯邦憲法法院一直回答應予補償。1999年3月2日德國聯邦憲法法院有關財產保障與紀念物保護（Denkmalschutz）的關係之裁判，明確表示紀念物保護造成人民不可期待的負擔「應給予補償」，以達財產權使用限制與紀念物保護關係之雙方平衡目的。之後，德國萊茵蘭─普法爾茨邦的「紀念物保護和維護法」的修法，對德國聯邦憲法法院裁判作出回應。本文欲就德國聯邦憲法法院裁判以及德國萊茵蘭─普法爾茨邦的「紀念物保護和維護法」之修法，來審視與反思我國文化資產保存法第9章所規定的獎勵或補助措施之規定。2016年7月27日修正公布的文化資產保存法之規定，未見有其「財產權公益犧牲」（Eigentumsaufopferug）之法定補償作為配套措施。然而，依2021年12月24日司法院釋字第813號解釋之意旨，「土地所有人之特別犧牲者」及「已逾其所應忍受之社會責任範圍」，主管機關應給予相當補償。故受到指定古蹟之行政處分，限制其財產權使用，使其產生「公益犧牲」而受有損失者，行政機關應給予其相當補償。

The Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany guarantees property rights in its Article 14. Landowners are bound by the protection of nature or monuments, and the German Federal Constitutional Court has always answered that they should be compensated. On March 2, 1999, the judgment of the German Federal Constitutional Court on the relationship between property protection and monument protection (Denkmalschutz) clearly stated that the people’s unexpected burden caused by the protection of monuments“should be compensated”in order to achieve the restriction of the use of property rights and the protection of monuments. The purpose of balancing the two parties in the protection relationship. Afterwards, the revision of the“Law on the Protection and Maintenance of Monuments”of the Rhineland-Palatinate state in Germany responded to the ruling of the German Federal Constitutional Court. This article intends to inspire and reflect on the provisions of rewards or subsidy measures stipulated in Chapter 9 of the Cultural Assets Preservation Act of our country based on the judgment of the German Federal Constitutional Court and the revision of the“Law on the Protection and Maintenance of Monuments”of the Rhineland-Palatinate State of Germany. The provisions of the Cultural Assets Preservation Law revised and promulgated on July 27, 2016 in the Republic of China did not include the statutory compensation for“public sacrifice of property rights”(Eigentumsaufopferug) as a supporting measure. However, according to the meaning of Judicial Yuan Interpretation No. 813 on December 24, 2021, the competent authority should give considerable compensation to“special victims of landowners”and“who have exceeded the scope of their social responsibilities”. Those who suffer losses due to the administrative punishment of the designated monuments, restricting the use of their property rights, and making“public sacrifices”shall be compensated by the administrative agency.