一部晚清旗人手稿中的漢字量化與改革研究

The Quantification and Reform of the Chinese Writing System in a Late Qing Bannerman’s Notebook

位於聖彼得堡的俄羅斯科學院東方文獻研究所中藏有一部頗為有趣的手稿。它除了正文外，還夾雜著一些折疊過的散頁；作者不詳，不過當中寫到一個時間：光緒十九年（1893）。這部手稿的內容極具特色，顯示出它與晚清以文言文為主的傳統教育、滿文以及通俗官話的書寫方式關係匪淺，顯然是清末旗人群體中多語言書寫文化之產物。這篇文章將循著以下兩條線索展開論述：其一，藏於聖彼得堡的這部手稿，源自於何種資訊管理文化，又是如何推進這種文化？其二，它如何使用滿文文字，且這種使用方式此前是否有先例？通過回答這些問題，筆者試圖說明，旗人群體及其特有的語言資源，是理解近代中國的書籍史、資訊管理以及通俗教育發展所不可忽視的一部分。

The Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, holds a curious notebook with a few loose pieces of paper folded among its pages. It is anonymous, but dated 1893. The manuscript has characteristics that link it to classical Chinese education, Manchu, and a kind of demotic Mandarin literacy; and it is obviously a product of the plurilingual written culture of late Qing bannermen. This article will be guided by the following questions: In what information management culture did the Saint Petersburg manuscript partake, and in what way did it innovate to carry that culture forward? How did it use the Manchu script, and what were the precedents for such usage? Answering these questions will show that modern Chinese book history, information management, and education cannot be properly understood without taking the Manchus and their particular linguistic resources into account.