章嘉國師與清宮成造大威德金剛

The Changkya Khutukhutu and the Making of Vajrabhairava Statues in the Qing Court

章嘉若必多吉（1717-1786）是乾隆年間的國師，曾多次進藏學習工藝和儀軌，並將知識傳播到北京，貢獻卓著。清朝與準噶爾的戰爭經歷康雍乾三代，乾隆皇帝寄望藉助大威德金剛神力打敗準噶爾。因此，皇帝命駐藏大臣將布達拉宮的大威德金剛神像送到北京，同時引進尼泊爾工匠。並在北京重要的藏傳寺廟都陳設大威德金剛神像，定時舉辦法會。章嘉國師結合清宮造辦處工匠以及西藏尼泊爾工匠，提升宮廷冶金技術，並依照標準化作業程序製造佛像。再者，章嘉國師指導大威德金剛經法會上的儀軌，將西藏五供移植到宮廷，供品內容也愈加豐盛而繁複。過去學者注意乾隆皇帝十全武功的戰爭，本文探討戰爭背後的宗教運作，歸納出宗教具有實質上鼓舞士氣或收攬人心的作用。

Changkya Rölpé Dorjé (1717-1786) was an imperial preceptor during the reign of Emperor Qianlong 乾隆. He traveled to Tibet several times to learn about crafts and rituals and brought back his knowledge to Beijing, making remarkable contributions. During the Dzungar-Qing Wars, which spanned the Kangxi 康熙, Yongzheng 雍正, and Qianlong reigns, Emperor Qianlong hoped to defeat the Dzungar Khanate with the help of the great Vajrabhairava (Yamāntaka). Therefore, he ordered the Qing amban (high-ranking official) in Tibet to transport the Vajrabhairava statue from Potala Palace to Beijing and brought in Nepalese artisans. The great Vajrabhairava statues were displayed in important Tibetan temples in Beijing, and ritual ceremonies were held regularly. The Changkya Khutukhutu, the imperial preceptor, combined the palace workshop artisans with Tibetan and Nepalese artisans to enhance the court's metallurgical technology and manufacture Buddha statues according to standardized procedures. In addition, he guided the rituals of the grand Vajrabhairava sutra chanting ceremony and transplanted the five Tibetan offerings into the palace, enriching the content of the offerings. While scholars have previously focused on Emperor Qianlong's military achievements, this article explores the religious operations behind the wars. It concludes that religion is beneficial to boosting morale and winning hearts.