中國扇引法國清風：玉基耶仿中國山水畫扇面設計圖研究—一個十八世紀中法藝術交會研究個案

Research on the fan design of Gabriel Huquier’s imitating Chinese landscape painting—A Case Study of the Sino-French Art Exchange in the Eighteenth Century

法國現存的手拿扇(法國人稱之為「écranàmain」)設計圖像，最早為十七世紀初期，有摺扇、團扇及帽章扇三類。在十七世紀末路易十四的版畫家筆下的仕女版畫，目前被收輯為《時尚》集，其中常見手持摺扇、少數持團扇及帽章扇，這些手拿扇皆兼具夏天搧風取涼、冬天遮蔽火爐燃起的煙，以及作為時尚仕女日常的裝飾配件等功能。在十八世紀時，幾乎重要的中國風設計師都有圓形團扇面的作品，例如華鐸、貝雷、布榭、玉基耶、佩羅特和畢勒芒等。扇面設計主要包括邊框裝飾及扇內主題。本論文首先簡介法國十七到十八世紀的團扇設計發展史，再討論玉基耶在1738-1749年間製作的一套十二幅中國風1扇面設計，此套冊乃為當時罕見以中國元素作為邊框、加上仿自中國山水畫為主題的作品，具有極高的歷史價值。它所採用的中國邊框設計及山水畫構圖，大多擷取自康熙時的外銷藝術品，例如漆器屏風(克羅曼多屏風)、中國外銷瓷器、以及可能參考自國王圖書館或玉基耶自己所收藏的中國畫作或版畫。因此，此套作品或可視為法國裝飾藝術品受到中國藝術品影響的見證之一。

The earliest surviving designs of French hand-held fans (called ''écranàmain'' in French) date from the early seventeenth century, which had three kinds of types: Folding-fans, Round-fans, and Cockade-fans. From the La Mode in the Louis XIV's printmakers' designs at end of the seventeenth century, we learned these fans served purposes of keeping cool in summer, sheltering from the smoke of the fireplace in winter, and as decorative accessories for fashionable ladies. In Eighteenth Century France, almost all the important Chinese-Style designers, such as Watteau, Bellay, Boucher, Huquier, Peyrotte, and Pillement, had Round-fan face designs. This kind of fan mainly composes decorations in the border and the theme in the center area. This paper firstly makes a brief introduction of the development history of French fan designs from the 17th to the18th century, then discusses a set of twelve round fan designs with Chinese- Style created by Gabriel Huquier(1695-1772) between 1738 and 1749. This set is a rare work at that time with Chinese elements as the frame and imitating Chinese landscape paintings as the theme, so that it has a high historical value. Most of the Chinese border design and landscape painting composition used are taken from the export artworks of the Kangxi period, such as lacquer screens (so called“Coromandel screens”),Chinese export porcelain, or might refer to the Chinese paintings or prints collected by the Royal Library or Huquier’s. Therefore, this set of works may be regarded as one of the testimonies of French decorative art influenced by Chinese art.