跨語際的觀念再造：一個1920年代中國女性同性戀愛話語的檢視

Conceptual Reconstruction in Translingual Practice: An Examination of Female Homosexual Discourse in the Republic of China in the 1920s

在1920年代，隨著西方科學知識和女性解放思想的傳入，愛、戀愛、性、性別等新概念進入中國，與此同時，中國的男性知識人通過翻譯經日本中介的理論知識，引導了戀愛論和新性道德的討論，為中國婦女解放運動提供了最早的理論基礎，這其中就包括女性同性戀愛相關知識的翻譯和介紹。女性同性戀愛是當時的社會文化對於女性議題關注的重要面向之一，也是當時社會中女學生、女工中普遍存在的女性同伴親密關係的反映。在1920年代，曾出現過相關題材的文學創作高峰，1990年代起，對這一文學現象和文學作品的解讀最早打開了現代中國女性同性戀愛的研究場域，但過往的研究多專注於中國本土狀況與西方概念之間直接的參照對比，本文則將重點放在對同性戀愛這一概念經日本轉譯中國之過程及相關社會文化的梳理。通過重審這一歷史進程，筆者認為，1920年代中國女性同性戀愛是隨著五四之後「戀愛」的風靡和性知識的引介同步產生的，愛倫凱、卡本特等歐洲思想家提供了基礎的理論知識，堺利彥、山川菊榮等日本社會運動家的翻譯，以章錫琛等為代表的中國知識人的轉譯在這個過程中均是不可忽視的關鍵環節。整體而言，在理論上1920年代中國女性同性戀愛話語籠罩在男女異性戀中心的戀愛話語之下，在現實上作為女性解放的子題，在嚴峻的政治現實衝擊下，最終隨著革命時代的到來繼續邊緣化，甚至走向負面化。

With the introduction of western scientific knowledge and feminist thoughts in the 1920s, Chinese intellectuals were getting familiar to a mount of new concepts, including Ai(love), Lian’ai(love/romantic relationship), Xing(sex/ sexuality) and Xingbie(gender). A group of Chinese educated men translated western social and biological theories through Japanese translations, and led the heated discussions about love and sexology. The new theories, female homosexual knowledge included, benefited the development of women movement in China. Multiples of attention had been paid to the issue of female homosexual at that time, and there were a lot of same-sex relationships emerged in female factories and schools. At the same time, the most famous female novelists had composed works about female same-sex relationships. These works written in the 1920s attracted researchers’ attentions in the 1990s, and thus triggered the studies of female homosexual in modern China. However, most of researches focused on the comparisons and connections between the western concepts and Chinese examples. Thus, this article will talk about the role that Japanese translation had played during the reception and the outcome and influence appeared in China. The point that female homosexual discourse in the 1920s was accompanied with the introductions of the love theory and biological knowledge. The European thinkers, such as Ellen Key and Edward Carpenter, had provided the basic theoretical substance. The knowledge bridge was built by translations from Japanese thinkers, such as Sakai Toshihiko and Yamakawa Kikue; the Chinese translations, made from Japanese translation by Zhang Xichen and the other intellectuals, had played a key role in the process. Basically, female homosexual discourse in the 1920s was restrained by the dominant heterosexual opinions, and in reality, the discourse was unfortunately trapped, marginalized and gradually degraded since the 1930s.