官話語音的地域層次及其歷史因素

Regionalism to and Diachronic Changes of the Mandarin Phonology

本文首先對官話方言裏文白讀音的性質和漢語官話早期形態提出看法，作為討論的依據。第二節討論宕江攝入聲韻尾的音變。在現代北京話（白讀音層次）裏，原來的塞音尾變成[-u]韻尾。在現代中原官話和南方官話裏，宕江攝入聲字則變成零韻尾。這是由於不同的官話區裏發生了不同的音變。第三節討論曾梗攝德、陌、麥三韻入聲韻尾及元奇的音變。在現代北京話和中原官話裏，原來的塞奇尾變成[-i]韻尾，在南方官話裏則變成零韻尾。此外，德、陌、麥三韻的韻核元音，在北方官話和中原官話的變化也不同。在中原官話裏，德、陌、麥三韻的元音合併，例如，德韻的「得」和麥韻的「麥」在洛陽、鄭州、山東大部分地區以及江蘇贛榆等方言裏有相同的韻核元音。而在北方官話裏，德韻和陌麥韻字的元音有不同的音變，所以，「得」和「麥」在現代北京話（白讀音層次）以及東北官話裏，韻核元音舌位高低不同。根據宕江曾梗四攝入聲字在不同官話區的不同音變，第四節討論「詞彙擴散」理論（Wang & Lien 1993）與「方言混合」假說對於這些現象所能提供的解釋。筆者認為：一，在官話區內，由於方言間的頻繁接觸，方言混合常常是多層次的；二，如果「詞彙擴散」論已經接受「方言混合」的說法，就沒有心要再爭論官話方言裏入聲字讀音不規則現象，它們到底是方言影響的結果，還是詞彙擴散的殘餘。重要的是釐清這些外來音的來龍去脈。

It is assumed, in the diachronic study of the Mandarin phonology, that there are three versions of Mandarin: Northern Mandarin (eg. the Beijing dialect), Central Mandarin (eg. the Kaifeng dialect) and Southern Mandarin (eg. the Yangzhou dialect). In this paper, two pieces of supportive evidence are provided regarding sound changes in the previous entering-tone syllables. One comes from the changes of stop endings, such as [-k] of jiang-dang rhyme groups lost in both Central Mandarin and Southern Mandarin, while it has become [-u] in Northern Mandarin; [-k] of geng-zeng rhyme groups lost in Southern Mandarin, whereas it changed to [-i] in both Northern Mandarin and Central Mandarin. The other evidence is of the vowel height in entering-tone syllables from the geng-zeng groups, of which the syllable nuclei of the first and second grades merged to one mid vowel in both Central Mandarin and Southern Mandarin. In Northern Mandarin, however, the nucleus of the second grade changed to a low vowel. Finally, sound change theories concerning ''dialect mixture'' and ''lexical diffusion'' are revalued based on the above analysis.