西夏語具有空間意義的語詞

Locational Morphemes in Tangut

本文檢討西夏語具有「空間意義」的語詞。指出西夏語只有四個指示空間方位的後置詞：“□”：標示有定的處所，用以回答“□□何方”。“□”：標示動作的目標，有強調正在進行中且指向明確的作用。有時也泛指物體上方，或某平面之上。“□”：標示行動、狀觀的源點，或終點。若一句之中同時有終點和源點，通常與“□、□”同現。“□”：標示領域或範圍內存在某一行為或狀況，偏重抽象的認知領域。這四個指示空間方位的後置詞，是由名詞性的位置詞虛化而來的。其中反映了語言之間互相影響的一個層面──詞形是本語言既有的詞彙虛化的結果，結構形式則借自異語言（阿爾泰語）。

The Russian scholar Kepping (1979) placed the following Tangut words under the category of substantative nouns: S 1454　·u2　inside;　S0074　tshiaɯ1　above. S 2821　khiu1　below;　S5232　ngu2　inthe middle. S 1894　·wə2 rie2　ahead;　S1427　nɪuo1　behind. S 0065　ndɪə2　from outside; Kepping referred to these morphemes as ''locational morphemes''. She felt that they were a small category that had some special characteristics. However, she also mentioned that Tangut had spatial postpositions, including: S2114　ndo1 to, toward; S1763　·a2 in, into; S1783.　kha1 inside. The difference between the locational morphemes and the spatial postpositions was that the locational morphemes also had adverbial functions. They attached a semantic component of location or direction onto nouns. In Kepping (1985), she still held on to her original theory with only minor adjustments concerning the categorization of words.