殷卜辭「伊尹龜示」考──兼論它示

A Study of the 'Yi-yin chiu-shih' in the Yin Dynasty Oracle Bone Inscriptions, with a Note on 'T'a-shih'

殷卜辭有「□」字，又可寫作龜，此字經常和商代開國名臣伊尹連在一齊，透過字形的分析，和音讀的確定，可以知道「□」或「龜」讀作「舅」，殷人稱伊尹為舅，猶周人稱姜太公為舅是同一道理。卜辭有「它示」，以前大家以為是蠶神，最近有人主張它示就是指旁系先王，也就是卜辭所見到的二示，但經由綴合完整的卜辭來看，它示與二示並列，可知它示並非二示。卜辭四期有　示，但一期有「求示」，列於大示與它示之間，由卜辭「旬亡求」，讀作「旬亡咎」，可知求示也應讀作「舅示」。它示有人主張即旁系先王，也就是卜辭的小示，但經由意義的確定，可以知道「它」是無定代詞，也就是其它或別的意思，所以它示並非小示。伊尹在傳統文獻，說他是一個媵臣，但由卜辭稱他為「奭」，此一稱謂可知他曾為「傅」，由於傅的意義和阿、保相同，而阿、保又是女師，所以後代誤以為他是陪嫁的媵臣。卜辭伊尹見於第四期，黃尹見於第一期，二者是否同一人，學者有完全不同的看法，經由辭例比對，以及對黃尹的分析，可知二者是同一人，只是異代而異稱。又伊尹從祀於成湯文獻和卜辭一致，但卜辭伊尹又可從祀於上甲，此為殷人將祭祀先王系統往上移的關係，卜辭有「上甲」和「求」同列一條，可知「求」即伊尹，求為陪祭於上甲。由於伊尹在殷人先王祭祀系統中，故卜辭「伊五示」指伊尹和上甲、大乙、大丁、大甲、且乙五先王。「伊又九」指伊尹和大乙至祖丁的直系九示，「伊廿三示」指伊尹和大乙至祖甲的直系旁系先王二十三人。

The character□ occurs in Yin Dynasty's oracle bone inscriptions. It may also be written as 龜. This character has often been used in connection with Yi-Yin, the famous prime mm1ster who helped the founding of the Shang Dynasty. Through an analysis of the formation of the character's components and their pronunciation, we may be certain that either□ or 龜 should be pronounced as chiu (舅 Father in law or brother in law). People in Yin Dynasty called Yi-Yin chiu, just as people in Cho Dynasty called Chiang Tai Kung (姜太公) chiu. The term 'T'a-Shih (它示) occurs in Yin Dynasty's oracle bone inscriptions. In the past this term was generally believed to refer to the silkworm deity. Recently, however; some scholars have maintained that 'T'a-Shih refers to deceased kings indirectly related by blood to the ruling dynasty (旁系先王)-in other words, it refers to Er Shih which is also found in the oracle bone inscriptions. But when we closely examine the oracle bone inscriptions perfectly strung up, we find that Ta Shih and Er Shih are often juxtaposed side by side, and therefore we may conclude that Ta Shih· cannot be identical with Er Shih.