三至六世紀浙東地區經濟的發展

The Economic Development of Che-tung Area from the Third to Sixth Centuries

本文主要討論三至六世紀浙東地區的經濟發展，並藉此檢討北方移民為促進南方開發主要的動力這個觀念的正確性。因此，本文探尋的問題為：在漢末北方移民來到之前，浙東地區經濟的狀況如何？北方人士避亂移居此地後，對浙東經濟的發展有那些貢獻？由此評估北方移民在此地經濟發展中所佔的地位。又本文也討論北方移民和浙東土著之間的關係，在政治層面上，由於機會的不均等，北方移民和浙東土著之間始終有著某種緊張的關係。在經濟層面上，北方移民和浙東土著是否有利益上的衝突？如有衝突，則對此地經濟的發展有什麼影響？綜合文獻及考古發掘資料，顯示漢末大批移民南來之前，浙東地區的經濟已有相當程度的發展，尤其在製瓷業和銅鏡鑄造業方面，成績斐然。至於農業方面，也已進入精耕細作的階段。因此傳統上認為北方移民帶來先進的技術，促進廣大江南的開發這個說法，至少在浙東地區而言，須作某些修正。浙東地區經濟發展有其自發性，不過，漢末及永嘉時期北方的移民潮在農業勞動力的提供、製造業和商業方面有一些貢獻。而在經濟利益上，北方大族和南方土著大族似乎沒有嚴重的衝突。

It has long been taken for granted that Chinese civilization originated in North China. Now a number of archaeological discoveries challenge this. More and more evidence indicates that Chinese civilization may have had several simultaneous starting points, making it necessary to review and revise the monistic interpretation. This article deals with a typical monistic interpretation that South China was highly cultivated until the late second century. We have been told that from the late second century to the sixth century large bands of immigrants coming from North China played an important role in the development and prospersity of the South. This article focuses on the development of the Che-tung area from the third century to the sixth centuries. The discussion comprises two major parts: a survey of the development of Che-tung; and an examination of the question of whether the immigrants from the North China did make such contributions to the agriculture and manufacturing industry of this area. A related question concerns conflict between these immigrants and the natives, and if any conflict did exist, whether it interfered to any extent with the development of this area. The evidence shows that the Che-tung area had been well-developed before the northerners immigrated there. Che-tung had developed advanced techniques in the manufacturing of pottery and bronze mirrors before other areas; therefore the prospersity of this area cannot be totally attributed to the influx of immigrants. Furthermore, as the extensive cultivation of this land occurred no later than the late second century, its agricultural improvement during these four hundred years cannot be wholly attributed to the northern immigrants. Nevertheless, immigrants did invigorate commercial activities and supply manpower to farming. There was tension between the immigrants and the natives in terms of political opportunity, but they both shared the same economic interests, making it possible for them to cooperate in developing this area. My conclusion is that the monistic interpretation of the origin of civilization cannot fully explain the development of South China during this period. One can also infer that the historical interpretations of other periods based on monism also need to be examined carefully.