CHINESE *S-NASAL INITIALS

CHINESE *S-NASAL INITIALS

這篇文章希望說明有關構擬漢語鼻音聲母和前置鼻音的幾個原則。所用的證據除了諧聲字以外還有藏語的同源字。第一：在諧聲系統中，要是按中古音的語法，有鼻音聲母的字和塞音聲母的字同用一個聲符，這個鼻音聲母本來可能是一個塞音聲母前邊帶有一個前置鼻音。第二：有的塞音聲母，特別是濁塞音聲母，可能本來也是一個塞音聲母前邊帶有一個前置鼻音。這個前置鼻音可能濁化塞音聲母之後而消失。第三：有的擦音聲母字和鼻音聲母的字在諧聲系統上同用一個聲符，這些擦音聲母，可能本來是一個鼻音聲母，前邊有一個前置*s-。第四：這些鼻音聲母的字，既然和擦音聲母的字在諧聲系統上發生關係，本來也是鼻音聲母前邊有一個前置*s-，所以有些在中古讀成擦音，有些讀成鼻音，是因為一個複合聲母可能有兩種不同的變化。第五：最初可能有一種複合聲母塞音前有一個前置鼻音，前置鼻音前有一個前置*s-，這種複合聲母在後來有的讀塞音，有的讀擦音，有的讀鼻音。第六：也有時，這種複合聲母都變成擦音和鼻音，沒有塞音的痕跡了。

We make six basic assumptions about nasal and oral initials which appear in the same phonetic-compound series. The first two of these, which have to do with the reconstruction of Chinese prenasalized stops in absolute-initial position, were given a more detailed presentation in Chang and Chang 1976. The remaining four underlie our reconstruction of nasals and prenasalized stops preceded by *s-. In testing these assumptions, we rely partly on internal evidence, such as doublets, and partly on comparisons with non-Chinese languages, primarily Tibetan. Our Chinese reconstructions are for the period when the phonetic compounds were established and incorporate suggestions made in Tung 1944, 1948, Li 1971, and Chang and Chang 1972; in parentheses following these we give Karlgren's Grammata Serica Recensa reconstructions. Our Proto-Tibetan reconstructions are based on Chang 1911; on the transcription of written Tibetan a-chung as N-, see Chang and Chang 1976.