中國語法圖解兩例

TWO EXAMPLES OF DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION IN CHINESE GRAMMAR

平常說到語法圖解，多半總是講黎錦熙式的句子結構的圖解，例如：其中雙線表示主謂的分界，單線動賓關係，斜線表示修飾關係，等等。近來研究語法的又特別注意到直接成分（“IC”）關係，用各種符號來標出什麼跟什麼成為直接成分，例如：The || king || of || England | open ||| ed || Parliament 這裏頭單線標最大的成分界線，雙線次大的，三線更小的成分，等等。

The diagrammatic representation of sentence structure and immediate constituents is common practice among grammarians. The present paper presents two sets of diagrammatic representation of an iconic nature, for (1) directional complements and (2) prepositions. A close parallel is found between Chinese directional complements and the German separable prefixes, except that when a verb V plus a compound directional complement is separated by an object O, it is in the order VC1 + O + C2, whereas the corresponding German forms will have the order V + O + P1P2. In the diagrams for prepositions, a dot represents the subject, a circle the object, and an arrow or arrows the relation between them. The examples on the left are prepositions of time and space and those on the right have more figurative or more general meanings.