臺灣無形文化資產保護政策實施歷程與課題──以傳統工藝為例

Course and Challenges of Taiwan's Implementation of Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection Policies: An Example of Traditional Craftsmanship

臺灣無形文化資產納入官方體制，由政府機關制定專法並運用政策工具進行保護傳承，起始於我國政府在1982年5月公布、施行的《文化資產保存法》，施行至今已屆滿40年，期間歷經8次修法，無形文化資產的保護政策也隨著法規之訂修而產生變革。其中，2005年參酌日本《文化財保護法》之特色進行整體性與結構性修法、統一文化資產中央主管事權及設立專責機構；2016年再進行全文修正，正式納入無形文化資產之名稱，並將之細分傳統表演藝術、傳統工藝、口述傳統、民俗、傳統知識與實踐等五類，以銜接國際非物質遺產公約各項保護概念。本文以無形文化資產中的傳統工藝為主要研究對象，以各時期主管機關所訂作業計畫、行政規則及相關執行計畫進行初步彙整與分析。期藉回顧《文化資產保存法》走過40年的歷程，觀看臺灣傳統工藝在法令改變的各個時期，主管機關如何面對傳統工藝保存與傳承的議題，以及如何透過國家政策進行制度化的保護，以延續傳統工藝的生命力。同時，將於文中討論傳統工藝在保存維護過程中所面臨的困境與問題，也進一步思考及提出未來執行方向之建議。

The promulgation of The Cultural Heritage Preservation Act in May 1982 marked the beginning of a governmental policy shift that aimed to officially preserve Taiwan's intangible cultural heritage. The Cultural Heritage Preservation Act has been amended eight times in its 40-year history, and various other related policies have evolved with these amendments. In 2005, comprehensive and structural legal amendments were made that referenced the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties in Japan to define the scope of responsibilities for cultural heritage authorities and establish special agencies for heritage protection purposes. In 2016, the Cultural Heritage Preservation Act was amended to more closely align with international conventions on the protection of intangible cultural heritage by officially including the term "intangible cultural heritage" and defining it according to five categories: traditional performing arts, traditional craftsmanship, oral traditions and expressions, folklore, and traditional knowledge and practices. This study is a preliminary compilation and analysis of operating procedures, administrative rules, and programs implemented by the competent authorities at various points in time, with a focus on traditional craftsmanship. We review the 40-year history of the Cultural Heritage Preservation Act to observe how the relevant authorities have confronted the preservation of traditional craftsmanship and institutionalized such preservation through national policies to keep these traditions alive. This study also examines the challenges that have been encountered in the preservation of traditional craftsmanship and further proposes solutions for future implementation.