王振與明初宮廷禮儀制度關係之探析

An Analysis of the Relationship between Wang Zhen and the Court Etiquette System in the Early Ming Dynasty

明太祖建立明朝後，透過對宦官制度的訂定，防止宦官擅權預政，但自永樂朝開始，宦官逐漸擁有參與政治的機會。宣德朝，司禮監始為皇上代筆批紅。時間到了正統年間，內閣票擬制度與司禮監批紅制度逐漸完善，司禮太監王振也透過英宗的信任逐步掌握權力。司禮監在職權內所負責的宮廷禮儀「五禮」之中，有吉禮、凶禮、嘉禮三者，軍禮本應不包含在司禮監職權內，但在王振做為司禮太監的數年間，除了影響了軍禮大閱的將士名次與賞賜結果，在王振的推波助瀾之下，也使英宗決定對麓川與瓦剌採取強硬的軍事行動。麓川之役耗費的國家資源致使明朝國力大減，英宗對瓦剌的親征造成了土木堡之變，而造就了這兩場戰役的原因之一，是王振做為戰爭的主要推手，欲藉由對外戰爭勝利後舉行展現國力的軍禮儀式，傳達出王振為明朝國力強盛的最大功臣之意義，以樹立自身在朝中威望。

After Ming Taizu established the Ming Dynasty, he formulated the eunuch system to prevent eunuchs from arrogating power. However, starting from the Yongle period, eunuchs gradually had opportunities to participate in politics. In the Xuande period, the Directorate of Ceremonial began to help emperor to Zhupi. When the time came to the Zhengtong period, the ticketing system of The Grand Secretariat and the Zhupi system of the Directorate of Ceremonial gradually improved. The Directorate of Ceremonial eunuch Wang Zhen also held power through Yingzong's trust.
Among the eourt etiquette ''Five Rites'' that the Directorate of Ceremonial is responsible for, there are three types of rites: Auspicious, Inauspicious, and Congratulatory. Military etiquette should not be included in the Directorate of Ceremonial's purview. However, during the years when Wang Zhen was the Directorate of Ceremonial eunuch, in addition to affecting the ranking and rewards of the military parade, under Wang Zhen's push, Yingzong also decided to take tough military actions against Luchuan and Oirat.
The Luchuan War consumed a large amount of national resources, which greatly reduced the national power of the Ming Dynasty, and Yingzong's personal conquest of Oirat caused the Tumu Crisis. One of the reasons for these two wars was that Wang Zhen, as a supporter of the war, wanted to use the war to hold military ceremonies to demonstrate national strength, to convey the meaning that Wang Zhen was the greatest contributor to the Ming Dynasty's national strength.