中國農村題材小說中的土地集體化（1949-1966）：以政治經濟與空間為考察視角

Land Collectivization in Chinese Rural Fiction (1949-1966): A Study from Political-Economic and Spatial Perspectives

土地制度變革（私有→集體化）或是1949-1966年間最重要的空間實踐，這反映在當時農村題材中。農業的社會主義改造要求土地集體化，合作社之優越性端賴「增產」來保證，與單幹戶的「勞動競賽」情節應運而生。通過新工具、新良種、新的種植方法來提高單位畝產量，以及挖渠引河等水利工程來拓展空間是小說的典型情節——這暴露出農業合作化運動的內在結構性問題，其優越性體現在開荒、開渠、興修水利等宏大空間工程上；處理小單位的「精耕細作」時，會顯得捉襟見肘——小說情節矛盾也多在這一空間內展開。
然而，「增產」話語的複雜性在於它既有可能來源於資本主義性質的生產關係，也有可能來自於社會主義。本文分析它們二者如何糾纏在文學文本中，它們在文本中的對峙也是文本外更廣闊的意識形態戰場上的對峙之鏡像。
本文對此深入辨析，以政治－經濟與空間理論的角度觀照這一時期的小說。如果說土改小說所關切的，本質上是空間私有權的佔有與分配；那麼，農業集體化題材所關切的是空間中生產關係的根本改變。本文釐清其間盤根錯節的互文性線索，並將其放置到更廣闊的「社會文本」中去發掘其豐富性。

The most important spatial practice from 1949 to 1966 was the transformation of the land system, which was reflected in the rural themes found in fictional works. During this period, land was always associated with“increases in production.”On the one hand, such“production”referred to“production from space,”i.e., driving up grain yields per mu of land by applying new tools, better seeds or upgraded cultivation methods.；On the other hand, it meant“the production of space,”i.e., digging canals, diverting rivers and initiating other water engineering projects to expand arable spaces. By using these spatial perspectives, I try to uncover structural problems within the Agricultural Cooperative Movement. While the Movement’s advantage lay in large-scale space projects such as land reclamation, channelization, water conservancy, etc., it became stretched thin in small sized“intensive cultivations,”where most of the conflicts in the storylines were set.
However, the complexity of the discourse surrounding“increases in production”lay in the fact that it may have originated from both a relationship of capitalist production and its socialist counterpart. This article analyzes how they are entangled in literary texts. The confrontation in these texts is also a mirror image of the broader ideological battlefield outside of texts.
In this article, I consider this dialogue in depth and analyze fictional works from the perspective of political-economic and spatial theories. This article clarifies the intertextual threads and places them in a broader“social text”in an effort to explore their richness.