民俗、市場與崑腔傳播的雅俗融通：以近現代金華武義崑班及其鈔本為論述主軸

Folk Customs, Market, and the Exchanges between Elegance and Vulgarness in Kunqu Transmission: A Case Study of Kunqu and Its Script and Wuyi Troupe in Modern and Contemporary Jinhua Area

崑腔從蘇州傳播各地，受到地方方言、聲腔、民俗信仰的影響，演化出與蘇州崑曲不同的特色。目前對崑腔傳播地方的研究，主要思考脈絡為：以蘇州崑曲（以下簡稱正崑）為「雅」、為「典範」；草崑為「俗」、為「變異」，本文認為，從崑腔所生存的現實環境來觀察，對於崑腔傳播問題，以及傳播過程中，崑腔產生變異的因素，對於雅俗之別，尚有更多可以思考的空間。崑腔聲腔透過戲班、演員的流動，產生交融變化的同時，又因其風格的雅正，不僅傳承有其規範，相較於地方聲腔戲班，崑班地位有所不同。本文除了以金華地區的習俗、文獻與田野調查，敘述崑腔在金華的特殊性，並以少見的金華崑《火焰山・借扇》、《雷峰塔・覆缽收妖》舊鈔本，觀察崑腔傳播的文本變化，認為即使是傳承自正崑的折子戲，亦有適應地方而變化的內在紋理，崑腔與其他聲腔的交融、折子戲與活戲做法，可見崑腔傳播到金華地區，崑腔主體性與在地變化的複雜內涵。

Kunqu opera was spread from Suzhou to various places. Influenced by dialects, accents, and folk beliefs, it has developed local characteristics different from Suzhou Kunqu. The mainstream approach in the studies about Kunqu transmission considers Suzhou Kunqu “elegant” and “model” (referred as Zhengkun), while local varieties, known as Caokun, are “vulgar” and “deviant.” The observations in real situations show that, regarding the issue of Kunqu transmission, there are more factors to be considered besides the difference between elegance and vulgarness. The flow of actors among Kunqu troupes makes fusion, variation, and transmission norms. Thus, Kunqu tropes have a special status compared to other local dialect (聲腔) tropes. This study describes the particularities of Kunqu in Jinhua based on the local customs, literatures, and field works. Moreover, it also considers the transmission in Jinhua Kunqu by tracing the variations in Kunqu manuscripts in Jinhua. This study believes the excerpt plays (折子戲) inherited from Zhengkun have their internal textures in local adaptation. This study also finds the fusion of Jinhua Kunqu with other local operas, the mixture of excerpt plays, and ad-lib plays (活戲), and concludes that popular voices and performances influenced Jinhua Kunqu. At the same time, the subjectivity of Kunqu is also retained with the evolution of Kunqu scripts in Jinhua. These features make Jinhua Kunqu unique.