新手諮商督導者的督導意圖與行動之探究

Exploring Supervisory Intentions and Actions of New Counseling Supervisors

關注新手督導者的專業發展，瞭解內在動機與督導意圖是重要的，本研究探究新手督導者的督導意圖與相對應之督導行動，理解其歷程內涵，以為未來新手督導者在執行督導工作時提供參考依據。研究方法邀請4位新手督導者，以督導初期與中期之督導錄音進行人際歷程回憶訪談，共蒐集8次訪談資料。資料分析依主題分析法，取得52段督導意圖段落並歸納16個督導意圖主題與對應之督導行動及5個兩難主題。督導意圖主題依七眼督導模式歸類七種意圖類型，督導行動以Heron（1989）6類行動及研究者歸納之內省性、評估性，共8類行動分類。研究結果一，督導初期以個案為主軸的督導意圖，幫助受督者建構對個案的理解，提升個案概念化能力，督導中期著重督導關係與受督者為主軸的督導意圖，幫助受督者敏察與建構諮商關係的後設認知及自我狀態覺察。研究結果二，7個督導類型與對應之行動，以受督者為焦點之督導類型最多；督導行動以催化性、訊息性與處方性行動居高。研究結果三，新手督導者常見兩難困難，為挑戰或支持、指導或自主、以個案或受督者為焦點、依過去經驗或以受督者為中心、提供合於受督者學習量或以個案需要為主的兩難。統整結果並針對未來督導實務與研究提供建議。

Transitioning from a counseling practitioner to a counseling supervisor involves professional role changes (Alonso, 1983). New supervisors encounter a variety of challenges, including the shock of their role change, difficulty replicating past models, role conflict and confusion, and pressure associated with their new position. Over time, new supervisors will explore new roles and go through a stage of role recovery to establish a sense of identity within their position (Roenhauser, 1994; Stoltenberg & McNeill, 2010; Watkins, 1990, 2013). The process of becoming a supervisor is similar to that for a psychotherapist and denotes a journey of professional development. New supervisors encounter a variety of challenges during their initial years, including the following: (1) Navigating the challenges of anxiety and depression that often accompany the development of a supervisory mindset. (2) Establishing a new sense of identity within the new position. (3) Developing a credible psychotherapy and supervisory practice (Gazzola et al., 2013; Watkins, 2013).
Accordingly, the professional development status of new counseling supervisors should be clarified, and their intrinsic motivation and supervisory intentions should be explored. By exploring supervisory intentions and corresponding actions, new supervisors can be provided with a reference for the implementation of supervision practice. The present study explored the supervisory intentions and actions of new counseling supervisors during supervision to gain insights into the supervision process. The research results may be used as a reference for new counseling supervisors to reflect upon and enhance their professional development.
This study enrolled four new counseling supervisors and used their supervision work along with one supervisee's recordings of their early and middle stage sessions in the supervision process. Interpersonal process recall (IPR) interviews were conducted. This study recruited counseling supervisors who possessed a counselor certificate and had less than 5 years of supervision experience. Four counseling supervisors (three women and one man) were enrolled. Three counseling supervisors were aged 30-40 years, and one was aged 40-50 years. Three counseling supervisors had 0.5 years of seniority, and one had 4 years of seniority. One counseling supervisor used an interpersonal process model, one used a self-awareness supervision model, and two had no fixed model.
A total of eight interviews were conducted. Data analysis was based on the thematic analysis method developed by Braun and Clarke (2006, 2022). The process of data analysis included familiarization, coding, theme development, refinement, naming, and recording the results.
After the sorting step, 52 paragraphs outlining supervisory intentions were obtained for analysis. From these, 16 distinct themes emerged, each accompanied by an analysis of corresponding supervisory actions. Five primary dilemma themes emerged. The themes of supervisory intention were classified according to the seven-eyed supervision model, and supervisory actions were analyzed according to the six types of actions proposed by Heron (1989), which are prescriptive, informative, confronting, cathartic, catalytic, and supportive. The introspective and evaluative thoughts of the researchers were also collected.
This study has three findings: 1. In the early stage of supervision, out of the total 55 themes of supervisory intention, new counseling supervisors primarily focus on three areas: (1) Enhancing the supervisees' ability to obtain client information. (2) Developing the supervisee's ability to understand and conceptualize the client. (3) Improving the supervisee's intervention techniques. In the middle stage of supervision, out of the total 49 themes of supervisory intention, the focus shifts toward exploring the interaction between the counselor and client, examining how the supervisee's individual issues influence the counseling style, and exploring the use of reflection and adjustment of the supervisory relationship during counseling.
2. The 16 distinct themes of supervisory intention were classified according to the seven-eyed supervisory model. Eye 1: With a focus on the client, two supervisory intent themes emerge, as follows: (1) Developing a comprehensive understanding and conceptualization of the client. (2) Improving comprehension of the client according to theoretical perspectives and counseling expertise. Eye 2: With a focus on interventions, three supervisory intent themes emerge, as follows: (1) Guiding the direction of work to broaden the supervisee's frame of reference. (2) Encouraging the supervisees to reflect on the relationship between counseling intention and intervention. (3) Enhancing the supervisee's intervention techniques. Eye 3: With a focus on the counseling relationship, one supervisory intent theme emerges, as follows: promoting awareness of the status of the counseling relationship and its effects. Eye 4: With a focus on the supervisee, six supervisory intent themes emerge, as follows: (1) Enhancing the supervisee's recognition of their emotions. (2) Encouraging the supervisee to evaluate their professional development. (3) Developing plans for future learning and growth. (4) Increasing the supervisee's understanding of their challenges and personal situation. (5) Increasing the supervisee's knowledge and awareness of their professional standing. (6) Encouraging the supervisee to cultivate a unique counseling style and identity. Eye 5: With a focus on the supervisory relationship, two supervisory intent themes emerge, as follows: (1) Enhancing a positive and supportive supervisory relationship. (2) Managing personalized supervisee responses during supervision. Eye 6: With a focus on the supervisor, one supervisory intent theme emerges, as follows: enhancing supervisor's perception and reflection on their own supervisory style. Eye 7: With a focus on the wider context, one supervisory intent theme emerges, as follows: promoting the concept of building systems cooperation.
The main supervisory intentions of new counseling supervisors are as follows: (1) Developing a comprehensive understanding and conceptualization of the client. (2) Enhancing the supervisee's intervention techniques. (3) Increasing the supervisee's understanding of their challenges and personal situation.
Given the unique developmental stage of new counseling supervisors, this study identified five dilemmas that new counseling supervisors may encounter when determining how to best support their supervisees' professional growth, as follows: whether to challenge or support a supervisee, whether to offer direct instruction or encourage the supervisee's autonomy, whether to focus on the client or the supervisee, whether to encourage a supervisor-centered or supervisee-centered experience, and determining the extent of learning that should be based on the needs of the client versus the need of the supervisee. New counseling supervisors must perceive these dilemmas dialectically, comprehend the implications of their decisions, and be consciously aware that supervision is an essential learning process.
On the basis of the aforementioned findings, this study developed a dynamic process framework that integrates supervisory intentions, actions, and common dilemmas. Recommendations for future research and clinical guidance are provided: systematic training should be provided to new counseling supervisors to ensure a seamless transition to their new role, and counseling supervisors should increase their awareness of their supervision work. According to Crowell (2007), supervisors may influence the supervisory relationship and the performance of their supervision work due to their inherent needs, including the desire to be liked, the need to be correct, and the desire for recognition as successful mentors who produce exceptional students. Finally, supervisors must navigate with balance and flexibility to succeed in their roles. To this end, supervisors must persist in the supervision process, acknowledge the presence of dialectical tension, realize the purpose of individual supervision, and encourage individuals to cultivate their own willpower as a driving force for the effective implementation of supervision work.
The limitations of this study and the suggestions for further research include the following: (1) The insights into the supervisory intentions, actions, and dilemmas of new counseling supervisors presented in this study were obtained from four new counseling supervisors. The data are robust and reliable; however, increasing the number of research participants may enhance the applicability of the study results and strengthen their implications. (2) We discovered various supervisory intentions in different stages of the research. The data analysis was based on the researchers' perspectives. Incorporating the views of the counseling supervisors may enhance future research. (3) This study focused on supervisory intentions and supervision actions in the early and middle stages of supervision. Future research may include intentions and actions in the later stages of supervision. (4) A quantitative analysis of our findings may be beneficial. New counseling supervisors may benefit from the development of a professional work checklist that incorporates the dilemmas likely to be encountered during their supervision work.