論司法制度的法律保留：含義、理由與邊界

《中華人民共和國立法法》不僅將司法制度規定為法律保留事項，還禁止就司法制度向國務院進行授權立法。立法機關已經圍繞司法制度完成基礎的法律創制，但實踐中仍有其他規範介入其中，需要理論回應。基於制度與基本制度的區分，應當對司法制度的規範含義作廣義理解。將司法制度規定為法律保留事項，是為了保證人民掌握司法權；禁止向國務院授權，是因為司法制度涉及基本權利和自由，且國務院和司法機關之間沒有直接關聯。全國人大常委會可以作出有關法律問題的決定介入司法制度，但在內容層次等方面受到限制。“司法權是中央事權”的論斷，並不構成地方性法規介入司法制度的障礙。司法解釋對於司法制度的介入，需要受到權力分工等因素的較大限制。

The PRC Legislation Law not only regards judicial system as a matter of legal reservation, but also prohibits the delegation of legislative power to the State Council on that matter. The legislature has developed the fundamental rules about the judicial system, but there are also other related norms, which calls for a theoretical justification. Based on the distinction between system and basic system, the normative meaning of judicial system should be interpreted broadly. The judicial system is defined as a matter of legal reservation to ensure that the people have the control over judicial power. Authorization to the State Council is prohibited because judicial system involves fundamental rights and freedoms, and there is no direct connection between the State Council and judicial organs. The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress can make decisions related to legal issues about the judicial system, but it is restricted in terms of the content. The argument that “judicial power is a form of central power” does not constitute an obstacle to local regulations shaping the judicial system. The involvement of judicial interpretations in the judicial system needs to be subject to greater restrictions due to the division of powers, and the judicial interpretations will face greater restrictions when intervening judicial system.