從「三言」故事中的言禍看話語的規範性

On the Normalization of Discourse from the Perspective of the Disasters Caused by Discourse in the Story of“San-Yan”

話語反映思想，是溝通的工具，也是人際交往的利器，不恰當的言論，可能引發不必要的禍患。「三言」故事中，屢見因言致禍的例子，可見話語與禍端的關係密切。由於話語帶有規範性，言禍產生於對秩序破壞的恐懼，對於不合乎規範的話語，自然多所抵觸。而話語形成背後，有其社會語境，隱藏著符號暴力。文中從「言禍的原理：內外秩序的破壞」以及「話語的權威：重歸秩序的符號」兩部分討論。「三言」藉由對話語規範性的要求，一方面看到馮夢龍對秩序破壞的恐懼，一方面也由言禍突顯話語的權力性，展現他用話語規範晚明秩序的意義。

Discourse is a reflection of someone’s thoughts and channel for interpersonal communication. Inappropriate remarks may lead to unnecessary disasters. In the story of Feng Menglong’s “San-Yan”, there are many examples of disasters caused by discourse, which intend to show the dangerous of oral and writing discourses. Because words are normative, verbal disasters arise from the fear of order destruction, and naturally, opinions that do not conform to norms are often restricted. Behind the formation of discourse, there is its social context, which often hides symbolic violence. This paper discusses the issue from two aspects: “the reasons of discourse constraint: the concern of possible destruction of spiritual and social order” and “the authority of discourse: pushing force of re-obeying the symbolic order”. By showing Feng Menglong's fear of the destruction of order on the one hand, and highlighting the power of discourse from the disaster a discourse may cause on the other hand, this article argues that “San-Yan” demonstrates the significance of Feng’s age of discourse to regulate the social order in the late Ming Dynasty.