莊子安命觀的思想研究

A Study on Zhuangzi’s Life Comforting Philosophy

本文旨首在探究莊子思想中「知命」工夫，以敞開保身不疲之門，經由生命個體的體悟，使虛心而應物，則精神自然逍遙優遊於人世間，呈顯「安命」的生命境界。依此，正文架構共分兩節，首先為莊子安命觀的理論基礎，分別為(1)藉由〈德充符〉的寓言故事闡述「心知」與「成心」如何超拔，以敘明「遊心乎德之和」、「心」之「靜觀」與「應物」所呈現的境界樣貌；(2)探討莊子思想「真性」與「常德」的逍遙之道；其次為莊子安命觀的實踐原則，分別為(1)解消兩難的安命思維：藉〈秋水〉的寓言故事展開「性命之實」與「命運義」之蘊意；(2)應物遊心的處世之道：探討莊子思想心知與言辯之意涵，體道者將個體本然而有的差異性，由工夫境界的提升，轉化為接納差異且能泯除對於他者之不同警覺與排斥之心，處理任何事物皆能謹言慎行與順應時勢之修養功夫。最後總覽全文論點，闡明莊子思想中無執之心與智慧增長，進而呈顯心性完善，德養充裕，達至內外和諧並與萬物合一。

This study aims to discuss the content of “Zhi Ming (knowing fate)” in Zhuangzi’s thinking to open the door to sustaining a healthy body without fatigue. With the individual realization, one can respond to everything with modesty with his or her spirit naturally and freely wandering in the mundane world and achieve the life level of “An Ming (life comforting).” Therefore, the study is divided into two sections. The first section is the theoretical basis for Zuangzi’s life comforting philosophy: (1) The allegories in De Zhong Fu(The Sign of Virtue Complete) are applied to illustrate how “Xin Zhi (heart knowing)” and “Cheng Xin (completed heart)” excel and to interpret “You Xin Hu De Zhi He (a free and playful heart achieves the virtuous harmony)” and the level and realm of “Jing Guan (quiet observation)” and “Ying Wu (response to objects).” (2) Here is a discussion on the “Zhen Xing (free way of truthfulness)” and “Chang De (ordinary virtue)” in Zhuangzi’s thinking. The second section is the practical principles of Zhuangzi’s life comforting philosophy. (1) The life comforting thinking solves two difficulties: Through the allegories of Qiu Shui, the meanings of “Xing Ming Zhi Qing (the true form of life)” and “Ming Yun Yi (the meaning of fate)” are understood. (2)The ways to deal with the world is to respond to objects with a playful heart. Discuss the connotation of Zhuangzi’s thoughts, perceptions and arguments, and those who understand the Tao transform the inherent differences of individuals from the improvement of the realm of work to the acceptance of differences and the ability to eliminate the different alertness and rejection of others, and deal with them. Anything can be prudent in words and deeds and the cultivation of the times. The final conclusion clarifies the non-grasping heart and increased wisdom in Zhuangzi’s thinking, which further presents the complete mind, full virtue, and appearance to achieve the interior and exterior harmony and union in everything.