十七世紀朝鮮儒者的「封建郡縣論」及其改革思想——以尹鑴、金萬英為例

A Study on the Theory of Feudalism and Prefectural System of Choson’s Confucians and Their Reform Ideas in the 17th Century——Focus on Yoon Hyu and Kim Manyoung

尹鑴、金萬英身為十七世紀的朝鮮儒者，目睹了國家經歷戰亂後秩序的混亂，從根本上觀察到郡縣制的弊端，並期待以封建制為手段進行改革，實現三代之治。其中尹鑴以《周禮》為據，認為郡縣制未能傳承封建制精髓，欲革其弊，須強化地方管理，以聖王之道達天下共治。金萬英則指出，時弊的根本在於郡縣制的不合理，並圍繞賦稅、官制、舉士、兵制等方面提出改革方案。可以說，「封建郡縣論」從側面體現了朝鮮儒者於明清之際對現實的深刻思考，也暗示了東亞傳統思想在面臨全球現代化思潮時所富有的生命力及其內在轉換邏輯。

While witnessing the chaos of Choson’s order after the war and fundamentally realizing the ills of the prefectural system, Yoon Hyu（尹鑴） and Kim Manyoung（金萬英）, as Choson’s Confucians in the 17th century, looked forward to reform by the feudalism as a means to achieve three generations of the rules. Yoon engraved The Book of Changes（周易） as a basis, arguing that the prefectural system failed to pass on the essence of the feudalism, and that in order to reverse its ills, it was necessary to strengthen local administration and achieve the situation of “running the state together under the Heaven” through the Kindly Way. While Kim pointed out that the cause of most contemporary problems lies in the unreasonable prefectural system, and proposed reforms around taxation, the official system, personnel selection, the military system, and other aspects. The theory of feudalism and prefectural system embodies, so to speak, the profound reflection of Choson’s Confucians on reality during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties and, at the same time, implies the vitality and the intrinsic logic of East Asian traditional thought when facing modernization trend.