北移工、南新娘：越南遷移體制的制度脈絡分析

Migrant Workers from the North, Marriage Migrants from the South: The Institutional Context Analysis of Vietnamese Migration Regime

在台越南移民依其母國來源地區，有著明顯的「北移工、南新娘」遷移特徵。1986年底，越南決議採行革新政策，國家從社會主義體制轉向資本主義市場化過渡，國有和集體的所有權與生產模式股份化，自此結合私有與國外資本的多種資本組合形式成為經濟發展的主要動力。在勞動輸出政策上，國家透過《越南契約勞動者出國工作法》確立勞動輸出企業私有和外國資本的財產權，以及勞動輸出的契約形式，這也是資本主義市場經濟運作的重要精神，越南以此融入全球資本主義和國際勞動市場。也因為河內自1955年起即為政治中心，多數國營企業均將總部設於此地，加上革新後成立的勞動出口公司幾乎均有國家或集體企業股權，遂形成「北移工」的制度脈絡。另一方面，1980年代台灣因為投資環境不利勞力密集產業發展，適逢越南革新提出優惠政策吸引外資，許多台商紛紛前往越南進行考察。加上1994年台灣南向政策促使台灣跨國資本大量進入越南南部胡志明市及其周邊省分，因此「南新娘」的遷移特徵則與台商介入跨國婚姻仲介網絡有關。本文認為「北移工、南新娘」的遷移特徵，乃是因為遷移體制與資本主義接合方式的差異：前者是透過確立勞動輸出活動中私有和外國資本的所有權以及契約精神融入國際勞動市場，後者則是因為外資帶來的社會網絡所形成的跨國婚姻市場。

Vietnamese immigrants have obvious migration characteristics of “migrant workers from the north and marriage migrants from the south” accordingto their home countries in Taiwan. At the end of 1986, Vietnam adopted a Renovation Policy (Doi Moi), the country transitioned from a socialist regime to a capitalist marketization, and the shareholding of state ownership led to fundamental changes in the collective production model. Since then, various forms of capital combination combining private and foreign capital have become the main dynamical force of economic development. In terms of labor export policy, the state establishes the property rights of private and foreign capital of labor exporting enterprises and the contract form of labor export through the “Law on Vietnamese Guest Workers”(No. 72/2006/QH11 of November 29, 2006), which is also an important spirit of the operation of the capitalist market economy. Because of this, Vietnam is increasingly integrated into global capitalism and the international labor market. Most stateowned enterprises’ headquarters were established in Hanoi because the capital Hanoi has been the political center since 1955. Almost all the labor export companies established after the renovation have state or collective enterprise equity, thus forming the institutional context of migrant workers from the north. In the 1980s, on the other hand, the investment environment in Taiwan was unfavorable for the development of labor-intensive industries, it coincided with Vietnam’s renovation and proposed preferential policies to attract foreign investment, and many Taiwanese businessmen went to Vietnam for inspections. In addition, Taiwan’s Southbound Policy in 1994 prompted a large number of Taiwanese transnational capital to enter Ho Chi Minh City and its surrounding areas in southern Vietnam. Therefore, the migration characteristics of “marriage migrants from the south” are related to the involvement of Taiwanese businessmen in the transnational marriage agency network. This paper argues that the difference in migration characteristics of “migrant workers from the north and marriage migrants from the south” is caused by the articulation of migration regime and the capitalism. The former is through the establishment of the property rights of private and foreign capital in labor export activities and the integration of the spirit of contract into the international labor market, while the latter is the transnational marriage market formed by the social network brought by foreign direct capital.