利用GPS偵查合法性的探討──兼評科偵法草案

由於科學技術的進步，司法警察的偵查方式已不限於傳統的目視跟監，不但可利用科技設備對人民通訊進行監察，亦可以藉由GPS定位偵查有效地掌握犯罪嫌疑人的行蹤。不論目視跟監或是以衛星科技方式對於人民進行位置資料蒐集跟監追蹤，這些方式對於基本權侵害的結果，皆會對於人民的居住自由、秘密通訊自由或隱私權等基本權利造成侵害，因為這些蒐集資料方式，具有隱密性、遠距性、大量性、精密性與普遍性，幾乎對於聲音、影像以及位置全面性的監視，有關通訊內容的部份，已有《通訊保障及監察法》以做規範，但偵查機關利用衛星定位系統蒐集位置資料，現行尚無法律明文規定，因此在目前法制上仍存有相當多問題，值得探討。而對於使用科技工具設備偵查，最直接受到干預者的就是隱私權的侵害，因而本文將從GPS偵查開始論述，繼談與隱私權保障的衝突，最後評論我國因應此種GPS偵查的立法草案。

Owing to the progress of science and technology, the forensic police's investigation method is not limited to the traditional visual follow-up supervision, not only can use scientific and technological equipment to monitor people's communications, but also can effectively grasp the whereabouts of criminal suspects through GPS positioning and investigation. Whether it is visual monitoring or satellite technology for the people's location data collection and monitoring and tracking, these methods will infringe on the people's basic rights such as freedom of residence, freedom of secret communication or privacy as a result of the infringement of basic rights, because these methods of collecting information have privacy, distance, large quantity, precision and universality. For the comprehensive surveillance of sound, image and position, the communications guarantee and supervision law has been regulated by the Communications Guarantee and Supervision Act, but the investigative agency uses satellite positioning systems to collect location information, which is not yet available the law is clearly stipulated, so there are still quite a few problems in the current legal system, which are worth exploring. For the use of scientific and technological tools and equipment investigation, the most direct interference is the infringement of privacy, so this article will start from the GPS investigation, followed by the conflict with privacy protection, and finally commented comments on the draft legislation of our country in response to this kind of GPS investigation.