以命令審查能力調整軍人執行違法命令之司法審查密度──兼評最高法院102年度台上字第4092號刑事判決

Adjusting the Judicial Review Density of Military Personnel's Execution of Unlawful Orders Based on the Ability of Order Review: Comment on the Criminal Verdict of Taishang Zi No. 4092 in the Year of 102 by the Supreme Court

軍人之服從義務相較文職公務員更高，當面臨上級下達違法命令時，對於服從與否將陷入更強烈之義務衝突困境，因此對於軍人依違法命令為職務行為，是否符合刑法第21條第2項之阻卻違法事由，應建立與文職公務員不同之審查標準，方能允當評價軍人之行為。為實現上開目標，歸結本文三項研究重點如下：首先，建構軍隊職務階級制度為具普遍有效性之集體法益，作為調和法益衝突之論述基礎。第二，進一步認知軍隊任務與職務階級制度密切結合，且為了追求軍事目的，軍隊將透過其全控性之組織架構弱化個人價值理性。第三，從階級及環境等不同面向出發，探討影響軍人「命令審查能力」之基礎原因。以突破過去實務對於軍人依違法命令為職務行為特殊審查標準之空白，並藉由命令審查能力之動態調整，對軍人依違法命令為職務行為之合理規制。本文期望藉由上述研究，使實務對於軍人「依違法命令行為」之義務衝突困境審查，有更清楚與確切之依循參考，俾使概念發展更臻妥適完備。

The duty of obedience of military personnel is higher than civil servants. When military personnel face unlawful orders issued by superiors, they will fall into a stronger conflict of obligations whether to obey or not. Therefore, for military personnel to act according to unlawful orders, whether it is in line with Article 21, paragraph 2 of the Criminal Law. The review standard that is different from that of civil servants should be established, so that the behavior of military personnel can be evaluated properly. To accomplish this goal, this paper will:(1) construct the military position class system as a collective legal interest with universal validity serves as the basis for reconciling the conflict of legal interests. (2) recognize that the military tasks are closely integrated with the position class system, and in order to pursue military purposes, the military will weaken the rationality of personal values through its total institution structure. (3) starting from different aspects such as class and environment, discuss the basic reasons that affect the military's “order review ability”. In order to overcome the blank of the special review standard for military personnel who obey unlawful orders to conduct behaviors in the past, then through the dynamic adjustment of order review capabilities, it is a reasonable regulation for military personnel to follow unlawful orders as duty behaviors. Through the explorations in this paper, it is expected that the development of “dynamic adjustment of order review ability” will provide a much clearer standard for courts to apply.