客家社群在印尼亞齊的發展：社群關係、社團組織與當代跨國網絡的形成

The Development of Hakka Communities in Aceh, Indonesia: Community Relations, Social Organizations and Transnational Connections

本文試圖從更具區域歷史過程、地方脈絡與人群互動經驗的角度，理解客家社群在印尼亞齊的發展。文章第一部分梳理客家人群在印尼的發展及相關研究著述。第二部分從國家政治與區域發展的脈絡，探討客家與華人社群在亞齊不同階段的生活經歷與地方經驗。第三部分聚焦班達亞齊（Banda Aceh）及美倫（Bireuen），檢視客家人群在亞齊不同地方的差異歷史經驗、人群關係，及當代的跨群、跨域與跨國連結。最後，本文從客家社群作為「客家」、作為「華人」，以及作為亞齊地方社會與印尼國家社會之一部分，提出「客家」意識在亞齊發展的三個階段，及理解該地客家人群及其身份經驗需關注的視角。

This article attempts to understand the formation of Hakka communities in Aceh, Indonesia. It is divided into four parts. The first part focuses on the development of Hakka studies in Indonesia, and the characteristics, regional concerns, and relatively neglected issues and perspectives of the contemporary literature. The second part discusses the appearance of Hakka and other Chinese communities in Aceh and their life experiences in different historical periods. In the third part, the focuses are on the Hakka and other Chinese communities in Banda Aceh and Bireuen. By focusing on the aspects of living space, social relations and social organizations, this part tries to understand the various connections (locally, regionally and internationally) the Hakka and other Chinese communities have developed with different ‘others,’ and how these networks have helped to shape the identity of being Hakka, being Chinese, and being a part of Aceh and Indonesian societies today. The article concludes by proposing the three-stages of development of Hakka identity in Aceh. It is found that the development of Hakka identity is in fact a process of continuous interactions between the Hakka and the various surrounding people. In this process, what it means to be Hakka and be Chinese in Aceh, and how these identities are related to each other, have been constantly modified, redefined, and reproduced, in terms of different personal experiences and immediate social contexts.