英國防制跟蹤騷擾措施與變革之研究

Research on Measures and Reforms of Stalking and Harassment Prevention in the UK

跟蹤騷擾是一個普遍存在的社會問題，對被害人，尤其是女性帶來一系列社會、心理、身體和經濟方面的傷害，是典型的性別暴力犯罪。相較於其他國家，臺灣的相關防制作為起步較晚，《跟蹤騷擾防制法》直到2022年6月1日才正式實施。相較之下，英國是歐洲第二個將跟騷行為定為犯罪的國家，近年來為提升跟蹤騷擾防制效果，實施諸多變革措施。鑑於國內目前有關跟蹤騷擾防制作為尚在起步階段，本文乃期經由探討英國有關跟蹤騷擾防制措施推動之變革與現況，從而瞭解可供我國參採之處。
本文歸納英國跟蹤騷擾防制工作之執行問題與困境，包括：一、跟蹤騷擾定義問題；二、網路跟騷案件對執法部門造成嚴峻挑戰；三、被害人對跟騷行為的認知高度影響執法效能；四、法律制裁對部分跟騷者嚇阻效益不佳；五、警察對跟騷行為的判斷與處理能力待提升；六、網絡其他成員的認知須強化；以及七、處理跟蹤騷擾案件資源不足。英國自2017年開始，啟動一系列的改進作為，這些措施頗值得臺灣仿效。因此，本文根據這些措施，提出以下幾點建議供臺灣相關當局參考：一、應就法律施行效果進行評估；二、啟動跨網絡跟騷案件風險評估與管理方案；三、強化並持續對員警與檢察官提供專業訓練；四、提升網絡成員介入意願與合作效益；五、提升社會大眾對跟蹤騷擾行為的認識；以及，六、透過教育系統告知學生正確的人際互動分際與處理方式。

Stalking is a serious social problem, causing social, psychological, physical and economic harm to victims, especially women. It is a classic crime of gender-based violence. Compared with other countries, Taiwan’s related prevention activities started relatively late, and the“Stalking and Harassment Prevention Law”was just implemented on June 1, 2022. In contrast, the United Kingdom is the second country in Europe to criminalize stalking. In recent years, many reform measures have been implemented to improve the effectiveness of stalking prevention. Since the domestic stalking prevention measures are only at the beginning stage, this article aims to explore the changes and current situations promoted by the stalking prevention measures in the United Kingdom, and to examine what can be adopted in Taiwan. This article summarizes the implementation problems and dilemmas of stalking and harassment prevention in the UK, including: 1.stalking definition issues; 2.Internet stalking cases pose serious challenges to law enforcement agencies; 3.The victim’s cognition of stalking behavior highly affects the effectiveness of law enforcement; 4.Legal sanctions are not effective in deterring some stalkers; 5.The police’s ability to judge and deal with harassment needs to be improved; 6.The cognition of other members of the network must be strengthened; and, 7.Insufficient resources to handle stalking and harassment cases.
Since 2017, the United Kingdom has launched a series of improvements, and these measures are worth emulating in Taiwan. 1.The effect of implementation of the law shall be evaluated; 2.Launch the risk assessment and management plan for cross-network follow-up cases; 3.Strengthen and continue to provide professional training to police officers and prosecutors; 4.Improve the willingness of network members to intervene and the efficiency of cooperation; 5.Raise the public’s awareness of stalking and harassment; and, 6.Through the education system to inform students of the correct interpersonal interaction and processing methods.