協作還是控制？當性別化的暖照顧遇上冷科技

Collaboration or Control? When Gendered Warm Care Meets Cold Technology

本文旨在探討長照機構引進照顧科技後，對以女性為主的長照服務人員，所形成的勞動過程影響與變化。本研究採質性研究，運用訪談法、立意取樣13 位長照機構人員、2 位科技業者以及1 位實務專家。研究發現，照顧科技與照顧工作之間，具有協作與控制共存的雙元關係。一方面，照顧科技可成為女性照顧服務員身體工作「去性化」的策略，避免性騷擾，以及讓照顧工作擺脫低價值與去專業化的困境，同時亦可與長照服務人員共譜勞心與勞力的分工協作。不過，不同於中上層管理階層對管理效益的期待，基層勞動者被迫處於照顧科技無所不在的監測環境中，面對官僚與技術等不同型態的勞動控制。換言之，本研究看見不同勞動位階的女性長照服務人員對照顧科技的聲音並非一致，存在階層化的利益衝突。面對這些困境，本文認為Tronto（2013）提出的「照顧民主化」是一個可能解方，有賴國家建立機制，引入關於照顧反思的民主審議機制。

This study explores the impact on and changes in the labor of long-term care staff, mainly consisting of women, due to the introduction of new technology into long-term care institutions. Qualitative research is conducted, using interview methods and purposive sampling of 13 long-term care workers, two technology industry advisors, and one experienced expert in this field. In doing so, it found a contradictory co-existing relationship of collaboration and control between technology and care work. First, technology can be deemed a strategy to “de-gender” the body of female care workers. It can prevent sexual harassment, alleviate low value and de-professionalization in care work, and complement the mental and physical efforts of the long-term care staff. However, contrary to the effects expected from the management level, workers were subjected to varying bureaucratic and technical labor control methods under technological supervision and were forced to perform in a ubiquitously monitored environment. In other words, female long-term care workers in different positions of the labor hierarchy had different opinions on technology, showing a hierarchical interest conflict. Given these difficulties, this article believes that the “caring democracy” proposed by Tronto (2013) is a possible solution, one which would rely on a national system to introduce a deliberative democracy system for reflection on and reform of long-term care.