一般監督制度的中國流變及形態重塑

一般監督為蘇聯檢察監督制度的核心內容，是以維護國家法制統一為目的，以垂直領導制為保障，面向多元監督對象和程序性的監督方式。我國在引入一般監督制度之後，對其進行了符合中國法制要求的制度設計，在立法中以具體職權予以表述，並為1954年《憲法》所確認，形成了一套符合中國實際的運行機制。在中國實踐中，一般監督制度效果有限，存在諸多不符合中國法制發展的困境，在1979年被立法所取消，1982年《憲法》對此也進行了憲法確認。此後，中國基於制度價值和功能將一般監督職權配置到多個機關分別行使，對一般監督制度進行了中國重塑，形成了以人大監督為統攝、法律監督為核心、監察監督為重要內容、行政覆議機關法制監督為重要補充的現代制度形態，並將其置於整個權力監督體系之下，使其持續發揮保障中國特色社會主義法治建設的功能。

General supervision is the core content of the Soviet procuratorial supervision system, which is a supervision method aimed at maintaining the unity of the national legal system, taking the vertical leadership system as the guarantee. After being introduced into China, the general supervision system was designed in line with the requirements of China's legal system, concretized into specific powers by legislation» and confirmed by the Constitution of 1954, forming an operation mechanism in line with China's actual situation. In Chinese practice, the general supervision system had limited effect, and there were many difficulties marring the development of China's legal system. Therefore, it was cancelled by the legislation in 1979, which was confirmed by the Constitution in 1982. Since then, based on the institutional value and function, China allocates the general supervision functions and powers to multiple organs respectively, which has reshaped the general supervision system. It has formed a modern institution- al form with the supervision of the People Congress at the center, legal supervision as the core, inspective supervision as the key content, and legal supervision of the administrative reconsideration organ as an important supplement. Such a system will continue to play the function of guaranteeing the construction of socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics.