南宋司法裁判中的法理及其功能──以《名公書判清明集》為研究中心

Jurisprudence and Its Functions in Judicial Judgment in the Southern Song Dynasty: Focusing on Minggong Shupan Qingming Ji

傳統中國的法理不僅存在於立法文獻，更體現於司法裁判之中。南宋時期的司法官員在裁判中不僅注重引用法條來判斷具體行為是否違法，同時還強調說理以補足法條規定之不足。法理、天理、情理都是影響司法裁判的重要因素，但三者對司法審判的作用各有不同。法理普遍存在於司法裁判之中，主要表現為法律原則。這些法律原則與現代法律原則十分接近，內涵更為深刻。法理在司法實踐中激活了既有的法律規範，增強了判決的說理性。可以能動性地彌補法律規範的漏洞，解決法律規範之間的衝突，促使司法官做出公平公正的司法裁判。等差之下的平等觀、扶弱抑强的正義觀以及以民生為重的法治觀，是南宋司法裁判中的法理所蘊含的核心價值，而這恰恰是傳統中國的法理具有獨特的精神氣質的原因所在。

Traditional Chinese jurisprudence is not only found in legislative documents, but also in judicial decisions. During the Southern Song Dynasty, judicial officials not only applied legal provisions/texts to judge whether a specific act was illegal, but also emphasized reasoning to make up for the deficiencies of laws and regulations. The jurisprudence, tianli (天理), and qingli (情理) are all important factors affecting judicial judgment, but their roles are different in judicial judgment. Jurisprudence is prevalent in the administration of justice, mainly in the form of legal principles which are very close to modern legal principles but had a profound substance. In judicial practice, jurisprudence activates existing legal norms and make judgments more reasonable. It can make up for loopholes in legal norms and resolve conflicts between legal norms, thereby restoring justice and prompting judicial judges to make fair and just judicial decisions. The core values of jurisprudence in the Southern Song Dynasty were equality existing within a hierarchy, justice as supporting the weak and restraining the powerful, and the rule of law for the people, and this is precisely what gives traditional Chinese jurisprudence its unique spirit.