地方金融監管法律制度之研究

Research on the Legal System of Local Financial Supervision

隨著地方新型金融組織快速發展和互聯網金融等新業態不斷湧現，金融不穩定性因素增加，網路借貸、非法集資以及地方各類交易所潛藏風險隱患，使得地方成為打好防範化解金融風險攻堅戰的重要戰場。研究地方金融監管的現實困境、深層原因和優化路徑，不僅有助於地方層面的金融監管機構提升自身監管質效，也有助於中央層面加快地方金融立法進展，增強央地金融監管協調，最終確保地方金融穩定與發展。在地方金融組織快速擴張和地方性金融風險漸進暴露的背景下，為了防範和化解重大金融風險，不斷推動中央和地方雙層金融監管體制的形成與完善，顯得尤為重要。但是由於中國金融分權呈現非制度化特徵、地方政府金融監管的有效激勵不足等原因，各地的地方金融監管局在監管實踐中仍然面臨諸多難題。特別是近年來，地方金融監管的重要性日益突出，但地方金融監管存在金融穩定與金融發展的矛盾導致監管缺位，屬地監管與全國經營的矛盾導致風險處置責任難以壓實，審慎監管與行為監管之間的矛盾弱化金融消費者的權益保護。究其原因，在於央地行為邊界尚不夠清晰、中央對地方的激勵約束機制未能充分發揮作用、監管資源分配不均。本文結合美國、日本等國的監管經驗，從央地關係的協調、地方金融監管職權的分配、地方監管責任的落實、地方金融監管能力的提升等多方面，立足法律授權、職能定位、監管協調、監管科技應用等視角，系統分析當前中國地方金融監管面臨的現實困境以及形成困境的深層原因，並據此提出未來完善地方金融監管體制的優化路徑。

With the rapid development of new local financial organizations and the continuous emergence of new business formats such as Internet finance, financial instability factors increase, online lending, illegal fundraising, and hidden risks of various local exchanges. The local area has become an important battle to prevent and resolve financial risks. battlefield. Studying the actual difficulties, deep-seated reasons and optimization paths of local financial supervision will not only help local financial supervision bureaus improve their own supervision quality and efficiency, but also help the central government speed up the progress of local financial legislation, strengthen the coordination of financial supervision between the central and local governments, and ultimately ensure Local financial development is stable. In the context of the rapid expansion of local financial organizations and the gradual exposure of local financial risks, in order to prevent and defuse major financial risks, the formation and improvement of the central and local two-tier financial supervision systems have been continuously promoted. However, due to the non-institutionalized characteristics of China's financial decentralization and the lack of effective incentives for local government financial supervision and other reasons, local financial supervision bureaus still face many difficulties in their supervision practices. Especially in recent years, the importance of local financial supervision has become increasingly prominent, but the contradiction between financial stability and financial development in local financial supervision has led to the absence of supervision, and the contradiction between territorial supervision and national operations has made it difficult to consolidate risk disposal responsibilities, and prudential supervision and behavior The contradiction between supervision weakens the protection of the rights and interests of financial consumers. The reason is that the behavior boundaries of the central and local governments are not clear enough, the incentive and restraint mechanism of the central government to the local governments has not been fully functional, and the distribution of regulatory resources is uneven. Therefore, it combines the United States and Japan. The regulatory experience of other countries, from the coordination of central-local relations, the distribution of local financial regulatory powers, the implementation of local regulatory responsibilities, and the enhancement of local financial regulatory capabilities, are based on legal authorization, functional positioning, regulatory coordination, and regulatory technology application. From the perspective, systematically analyze the current difficulties faced by China's local financial supervision and the underlying reasons for the difficulties, and propose an optimized path to improve the local financial supervision system in the future.