《老子》與《管子》四篇「治」觀辨析

Analysis of“Zhi”in Laozi and The Four Articles of Guanzi

從《老子》到稷下學術，思想重心有所移轉，即由虛靜無為漸趨於注重實效的傾向。在《老子》裡，聖人對「治」的祈嚮，可說是符應自然，無為而治，並衍生出「我無為而民自化」式的「自治」。而《管子》四篇論「治」，則是由「自治」到「百姓治」；首先對治「自心」，乃是自體治自體，而治心，正形，攝德，然後治世治百姓。可以說，《管子》四篇轉化了《老子》的若干觀念，形成一套更加突顯管理、治理的思想。本文以《老子》及《管子》四篇為觀察範圍，辨析「治」及相關概念，進而闡述其思想轉化之意義，以詮釋道家《老子》於稷下齊學的學術漸變。

From Laozi to Jixia Academic, the focus of thought has shifted markedly, that is, from emptiness, quietness and inaction, to the growing emphasis on effectiveness. In Laozi, the sage attempts to reach the state of“zhi”by conforming to“self-so”, and derives the“autonomy”of“I do nothing (of purpose), and the people will be transformed of themselves.”The Four Articles of Guanzi discuss“zhi”, which spans the facets of“autonomy”to“govern people.”The starting point for these convictions is“self-mind”, that is“govern yourself”, and to govern your spirit, to shape your body, to take Virtue, then rule the world and people. It can be said that The Four Articles of Guanzi transformed several concepts of Laozi and formed a set of ideas of management and governance. This article takes Laozi and The Four Articles of Guanzi as the scope of the research, sets out to analyze“zhi”and other concepts, to discern the similarities and differences between the two ideas of“zhi”. It concludes that we can register several meanings in this transformation, in order to interpret the changing thought of Taoist Laozi and Jixia Academic.