南國夢：馬來西亞吉隆坡之台灣人才的空間流動與資本積累

Dreams in the Souther World: Spatial Mobility and Capital Accumulation of Taiwanese Talents in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

台灣人才流動的方向隨著全球化的發展階段，已經從過去主要流向歐美已開發國家，逐漸有越來越高的比例往亞洲新興工業化國家以及後起的新興工業化國家如中國與東協移動，改變了慣常的「南－北」遷移（South-North），而逐漸滲入了「北－南」（North-South）的趨勢。而在全球化區域內部整合下，台灣人才往馬來西亞的「南－南」遷移，無論在地理方向或群體上，皆鮮少受到關注。本研究以資本積累（capital accumulation）作為理論框架，特別強調母國與移入地，如何影響這些台灣年輕人才，選定跨境工作的地點，並如何將資本轉換，整併，與建構了什麼形式的資本，以指引他們在全球化世界中移動的路徑。本研究以馬來西亞吉隆坡的台灣人才為研究對象，於2019年11月份進行田野調查，共有18位在當地工作一年以上的台灣人才受訪，本研究以半結構深入訪談作為資料搜集方法，並繕打逐字稿後以主題分析法（thematic analysis），針對訪談內容抽取核心意義單元，以及意義單元的關係圖，用以詮釋概念背後的意義。研究發現馬來西亞的國際化環境、較低的就業與生活門檻、多元種族與文化、以及在文化上與華人世界有部分的重疊，是台灣人才受到吸引的人文地理環境特徵。「國家標籤」使台灣人才經歷了明顯的文化資本增值的經驗，而這被增值的文化資本，並未真的轉換成為經濟或社會資本，以至於整體社會地位的提升。由於台灣人才移往馬來西亞，是在「最短路徑推拉力」作用下的結果，在馬來西亞台灣人圈的社會網絡單一，以及深受馬來西亞閒適舒緩的生活風格吸引下，台灣人才呈現了多方向的追求目標，甚至在經驗與機會的探索更甚於社會地位的提升。台灣人才前往馬來西亞工作的「南－南」遷移模式，呈現了資本積累與轉換的多元內涵，突破了「南－北」遷移研究強調資本積累產生社會向上流動結果，或「北－南」遷移研究強調文化資本優越性的貶值。

The conversion of Taiwanese talent flow has happened from conventional developmed countires to the newly industrialized countries, especially ASEAN is more and more popular after 2016“The New Southbound Policy”issued by Taiwanese govrenment . However, Taiwanese talent migrating to ASEAN for employment attracts less concern under the inner-regional integration of globalization. This research draw the concept of capital accumulation as a theoretical framework to investigate the influence of the destination and home country, and how these Taiwanese talent choose the country or city as a location for cross-border employment, and how the individual captital is converted, merged and what form of capial has been constructed to guide them in the globalized world. This research object is Taiwanese tanlent in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. A fieldwork was conducted in November 2019. 18 Taiwanese tanlent who have worked in the local area for more than one year were interviewed. This research was adopted semi-structured in-depth interviews to collect data. After typing the verbatim manuscript, thematic analysis was used to extract the core meaning units of the interview content and the relationship map of the meaning units to interpret the meaning behind the concepts. The study found that Malaysia’s international environment, lower barriers to employment and life, multi-ethnicity and culture, and part of the cultural overlap with the Chinese world are the characteristics of the environment that attracts Taiwanese tanlent. The“country label”has enabled Taiwanese tanlent to experience significant privilege of cultural capital, and the value-added cultural capital has not really been converted into economic or social capital, so that the overall upward social status. Since the migration of Taiwanese tanlent to Malaysia is the result of the“shortest path of push and pull”, Taiwanese tanlent have shown a multidirectional pursuit of goals, and even the exploration of experience and opportunities is more than the promotion of social status. The“South-South”model of Taiwanese tanlent flow to work in Malaysia has presented the multiple connotations of capital accumulation and conversion that beyond the“SouthNorth”emphasizing the capital accumulation produces social upward mobility, or“North-South”believing the devaluation of cultural capital.