文化哲學的模型——論文化類型學差異的語言世界觀 相對性基礎

A Model of Cultural Philosophy - On the Basis of Linguistic Worldview Relativity in Cultural Typological Differences

世界各民族的文化表現千差萬別，各種文化的表現型態對於人類自身發展的意義何在，應是一個非常值得哲學加以關注的議題。但很可惜的是，在目前有關文化哲學的研究領域、研究方法與理論基礎，卻都還缺乏明確的界定與奠基。本文雖沒有意圖要為此提出一種文化哲學的理論建構，但卻主張至少應先能為具有文化類型學差異的文化哲學研究，提出可能的理論研究模型與類型學差異之可區分性的基礎。為此之故，本文將以洪堡特的語言哲學為基礎，首先透過馮特的「民族心理學」與卡西勒的「符號形式哲學」，探討文化哲學至少應當包含有的三個問題層次及其相應的研究領域；其次，我將透過史坦塔爾對於「內在語言形式」與博厄斯等人對於「語言相對性原則」的研究，來說明吾人能對文化差異進行類型學區分的語言哲學基礎。以求最終能為中國文化的文化哲學研究，提供一個可能的開展方向。

The cultural expressions of the world’s peoples vary greatly, and the significance of various cultural expressions for human development should be a topic worthy of philosophical attention. Unfortunately, the field of study, research methods, and theoretical foundations of cultural philosophy are not clearly defined and grounded. Although this paper does not attempt to propose a theoretical construct for cultural philosophy, it does argue that at least a possible theoretical research model and a basis for typological differentiation of cultural philosophical research should be proposed first. For this reason, this paper will use Humboldt’s philosophy of language as a basis, firstly, to explore at least three theoretical levels of cultural philosophy and their corresponding fields of study through Wundt’s “ethnopsychology” and Cassirer’s “philosophy of symbolic forms”; secondly, through Steinthal’s study of “intrinsic linguistic forms” and Boasian study of “the principle of linguistic relativity”, I will illustrate the linguistic-philosophical basis on which we can make typological distinctions between cultural differences. The aim is to provide a possible direction for the philosophical study of Chinese culture.