臺灣報紙中空污風險的新聞框架：跨時的演變及其內涵

News Framing of Air Pollution Risks in Taiwanese Newspapers: A Longitudinal Study of Changes

臺灣近十年來，空污相關的健康及環境問題不斷惡化，但人們對它的理解高度仰賴媒體的建構。為理解臺灣媒體近年來對空污議題建構的內容和可能的影響，本研究使用電腦內容分析法，考察2017至2021年臺灣三大報《聯合報》、《蘋果日報》、《自由時報》空污報導的數量、主題、情感方向、不確定性及其跨時性的變化。本研究使用時間序列分析，考察空污報導的數量和內容趨勢，並探討實際空污程度對空污報導的影響。發現媒體報導量並未隨著空污總體的改善而減少，反而升高；報導語氣有稍微惡化的趨勢；報導內容中的不確定性總體維持不變。本研究使用Entman（1993）對於框架功能的四個分類：定義、原因、解決方案和道德判斷，來歸納、對比和討論這五年媒體報導中主題內容的變化趨勢。研究發現三大報較少報導空污的健康危害，且逐年減少。對於污染源的討論逐漸縮小到了對農／工業污染、火災和汽機車，忽略了營建業這個最大的污染源。三大報雖大量討論空污的解決方案，但都與政府政策相關，反而使得與政治選舉相關的主題逐年增加。最後，本研究結合文獻，針對每一個主題的報導數量、情感分數、不確定性的變化和對社會可能的影響進行了討論。

The 2020s have witnessed a steady increase in the rates of haze-related diseases in Taiwan. Indeed, German sociologist Ulrich Beck (1992) criticized current development in societies that has produced unintended and unforeseen side-effects to modern life. He described that the new risks are historically unprecedented, invisible, technologically sophisticated, and highly uncertain.
Social knowledge of contemporary environmental risks, independent from reality, is mainly acquired from mass media. Social constructionists argue that the media influence what and how things come to be defined as risks and facility developments of risk consciousness (Kitzinger, 1999; Beck, 1992). Therefore, to understand how Taiwanese society responds to haze-related risks, it is important to first know how news media report these risks and their consequences. The answers to these questions are not only needed to understand how media influence public understanding of the air pollution issue, but also to help researchers make more specific suggestions on how to promote public awareness of air-related risks and protection behaviors through news media in Taiwan.