《經濟社會文化權利國際公約》健康權規範在我國最高法院及最高行政法院實踐之研究

The Study on the Supreme Court and Supreme Administrative Court’s Implementation of the Right to Health under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

健康是人類生命存續及基本生活品質的根本條件，一但欠缺不僅可能危及生命權，亦使生活的品質及尊嚴受到損害，進而使許多權利的享有受到影響。然而，健康權卻非我國憲法所明文保障的基本權利之一，直到大法官近年在釋字第753號、第767號與第785號解釋陸續肯認健康權作為憲法保障的基本權，並且屬於憲法第22條的概括性權利之ㄧ後，健康權才確認屬於憲法位階的基本權。然而，大法官在上述解釋本文及理由書中，並未對健康權的內涵、性質、國家義務等基本規範要素進一步說明。我國在2009年將兩項人權公約國內法化後，經社文權利公約第12條規定的健康權規範，已成為我國法律之一部。經社文權利委員會對健康權之內涵，亦作出二項一般性意見釐清此權利之內涵。然而大法官在健康權相關釋字中，並未明確表示此權利內涵是否與國際人權標準一致，亦未說明健康權之具體規範及國家義務內涵。
本文之研究目的，不在全面探究經社文公約中健康權在我國相關法制所受保障及落實程度，而聚焦在以大法官釋字承認之健康權，與在法律審被法院透過適用國內法所適用的健康權間，與經社文權利公約對本權利規範內涵的認定及政府對此義務的落實方法與範圍是否一致？為了達成此研究目的，本文首先自國際人權法角度探求經社文公約健康權的概念及保障機制，並透過審視其他經社文公約締約國對健康權實現的國內司法案件，及國際與區域人權機構或法院涉及健康權保障的案件，歸納其實施健康權的內涵、標準及方法。再者，本文深入我國憲法與健康相關規定及大法官相關釋字，釐清其規範內涵與效力，並分析最高法院及最高行政法院涉及健康權案例對本權利內涵解釋及適用的狀況。最後，對我國法律審法院涉及健康權案件的內涵，以國際人權標準及比較案例研究所歸納獲致的基本實施要素，審視我國對健康權的實施狀況及問題為何。

Health is an essential element of human life and life quality. The Absence of health could endanger the right to life and undermine the enjoyment to many human rights. Nevertheless, the right to health is not one of the fundamental rights enumerated by the Constitution of Taiwan. The right to health has not been recognized as a constitutional right until the release of Interpretations No. 753, 767 and 785. However, the Grand Justice did not elaborate the normative nature, content of the right and obligations impose to the government in the abovementioned Interpretations, nor clarified the relationship between this right and the Article 12 of the ICESCR.
In the context of domestication of the ICESCR in Taiwan’s legal system and the obligations Taiwanese government undertaken from the ICESCR, the objective of this research is to survey how were the norms of the right to health implemented by the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court of Taiwan after this right was recognized as one of the constitutional rights, and whether the implementation of this right was compliant with the ICESCR. This research starts from the analysis and exploration to the right to health in the context of ICESCR, collaborates with the comparative study on case-law of domestic courts of other Contracting Parties of the ICESCR and international and regional human rights tribunals and fora. In conclusion, some observations and recommendation are given for better fulfillment of the right to health by the judiciary of Taiwan.