第五道浪之後：當代都蘭部落阿美族水下獵人的傳統海洋知識

Beyond the Fifth Wave: Traditional Marine Knowledge among Amis Spearfishing Men of ‘Atolan, Taiwan

本文透過都蘭部落阿美族自由潛水漁獵者的日常生活實踐，探索其以身體實踐不斷累積關於海洋的「傳統生態知識」（traditional ecological knowledge, TEK）內涵與性質，並進而詮釋這些近岸海洋傳統生態知識的系統性，以及因應社會與環境變化的動態性。本文更嘗試建構阿美族海洋傳統生態知識的動態概念框架，以作為分析都蘭部落水下獵人海洋傳統生態知識系統的基礎。這個動態分析的框架是建立在人與海洋互動的基礎上，所產生相互交纏的生態性、社會性，以及文化性層次的傳統生態知識內涵，並同時檢視其受外在環境與社會變遷的動態過程。都蘭部落水下獵人的海洋傳統生態知識系統的內涵與適應過程，同時具有傳承、適應、斷裂與挑戰等面向。一方面在海洋傳統生態知識的內涵上，面對瞬息萬變的海象，都蘭部落水下獵人們仍保留許多交織有關生態、社會與文化的智慧；另一方面則在社會與環境的變遷過程中，順應變化且動態性的調整部分的傳統知識內涵，同時亦遭逢了部分知識的斷裂與挑戰。在都蘭部落水下獵人動態的海洋傳統生態知識體系中，既可以發現都蘭部落阿美族的社會韌性，也再現了該社會韌性的限制，尤其是面對握有主權與治權的大社會系統，以及來自氣候變遷的挑戰。最後，本文指出都蘭部落水下獵人的海洋傳統生態知識系統，除了回應傳統生態知識體系的性質之外，亦可以作為原住民族海域自然資源管理的重要基礎之一。

There is a common saying in the Amis language of the ‘Atolan community on the south-east coast of Taiwan, “aka lalima,” which means “do not be defeated.” It usually comes from the elders, encouraging the young generations not to give up easily when they encounter difficulties. This saying encouraging people to break through their dilemmas comes from the long-term interactions between ‘Atolan Amis people and the local marine area. It has become a metaphor for a life philosophy. The saying “aka lalima” translates directly to “do not be taken away by the fifth (wave).” The fifth wave refers to the most vigorous wave in the rhythm of the sea, which a person or a ship encounters when going out to the sea. Freediving spearfishing men like the underwater hunters of ‘Atolan Amis community are required to swim over the fifth wave to the open water, which cultivates a set of local marine knowledge systems by interacting with the sea. This paper explores the nature of the traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) about the sea through bodily practice among freediving spearfishing men of ‘Atolan’s Amis people, interpreting the dynamic system of nearshore marine TEK responding to social and environmental changes. This paper further constructs a dynamic conceptual framework of marine TEK as the basis of analyzing the TEK system of those Amis underwater hunters. Based on human-marine interaction, the framework of this dynamic analysis engages with ecological, social, and cultural perspectives of the marine TEK system, including the fish naming system, coastal landscapes, sea knowledge, the heritage of the traditional knowledge, subsistence, material culture, and belief system, and then examines their dynamic processes subject to external environment and social changes. Both the content and the adaptive processes of the marine TEK system of the Amis underwater hunters have all the aspects of inheritance, adaptation, fractures, and challenges. On the one hand, in the content of the marine TEK encountering the rapidly changing sea environment and society, the underwater hunters retain traditional sea knowledge about ecology, society, and culture related to the sea. On the other hand, in social and environmental changes, they adapt to the changes. However, dynamic adjustment of the TEK content also includes how the knowledge fractures and is challenged. In the marine TEK system of underwater hunters, the features and limits of social resilience have emerged for the ‘Atolan Amis people. Two aspects are critical for the limits of social resilience: first, the dominant society, including the government, is the social system that holds sovereignty and governance of the sea. Secondly, climate change challenges the indigenous ways of knowing. In sum, this paper points out that the marine TEK system among the underwater hunters of ‘Atolan Amis people can be a critical basis regarding natural resource management in the local marine areas of the Indigenous people. Furthermore, the value of “aka lalima” which is developed from the interaction between the ‘Atolan Amis people and the local sea could provide a base from which to face many social and environmental challenges. However, as the marine TEK of ‘Atolan Amis and related marine ecology system are encountering the current increasingly complex social and environmental changes, the effort to “not be defeated” is not only made by ‘Atolan Amis themselves, but also requires co-work from the dominant society.