幼兒費力控制與母親及父親管教方式之影響關係：一項短期縱貫研究

Bidirectional Relationships Between Preschoolers’Effortful Control and Maternal and Paternal Discipline Styles in a Short-Term Longitudinal Study

本研究採三年縱貫追蹤設計，以了解3-6 歲幼兒的費力控制與父母管教方式之關係。在三年期間，分別有266、219、156 位幼兒受評，參與的家長有408 位（第一年：母親245 位，父親163 位）、330 位（第二年：母親200 位，父親130 位）、241 位（第三年：母親144 位，父親97 位）。父母一方面以兒童行為量表來評定幼兒的費力控制，另方面，父母也填寫父母管教向度與型態量表，以了解父母的威權專制與民主權威管教方式。結果分析上，以交叉延宕分析模式為主要分析架構，並提出六種理論模式來加以檢驗。結果發現，不論是幼兒的費力控制或父親或母親的管教方式，在三年內均呈現高度的穩定性，其次，父親與母親的管教方式對費力控制之影響有所不同。在母親的管教方式對幼兒的費力控制之影響上，不同管教方式有不同的影響模式：在民主權威的管教方式上，母親的管教方式會因應幼兒的氣質來調整，幼兒的費力控制也會因為母親的民主權威管教方式而有所改變，兩者間呈現出一種雙向的正向影響關係；在威權專制的管教方式上，母親的威權專制越高對幼兒的費力控制之負面影響就越大，但是，母親的威權專制不會因為幼兒的費力控制高低或者改變而有所影響。而父親的管教方式對幼兒費力控制的影響，僅見父親的民主權威影響幼兒的費力控制之後，這個費力控制會再影響父親的民主權威；另外，父親的威權專制則對幼兒的費力控制無顯著的影響效果。本研究結果就母親與父親的管教方式，及其對幼兒費力控制的發展意義來加以討論。

The relationships between preschoolers’ effortful control and parental discipline styles were examined in a threewave (one year apart) longitudinal study when preschoolers were at about 3 years olds (T1 n = 266; T2, n = 219; T3, n = 163). These preschoolers were assessed by his/her mothers (T1, n = 245; T2, n = 200; T3, n = 144) and father (T1, n = 163; T2, n = 130; T3 n = 97) on the scales of effortful control from Children’s Behavior Questionnaire and these parents also reported his/her authoritative and authoritarian disciplines via Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire at these three waves. The bidirectional relationships between preschoolers’ effortful control and mothers’ and fathers’ discipline styles were analyzed in the framework of cross-lagged panel model. Six models were set and analyzed in structural equation model. Results shows that autoregressive consistencies of preschoolers’ effortful control and parent’s authoritative and authoritarian disciplines were high. The impacts of maternal disciplines on preschoolers’ effortful control were different from patental disciplines. Maternal authoritative style at first year had a positive impact on preschoolers’ effortful control at second year and preschoolers’ effortful control at first year also had a positive impact on maternal authoritative style at second year. The same influence patterns also appeared from second to third year. Maternal authoritarian discipline at the first year had a negative impact on the preschoolers’ effortful control at second yer, then preschoolers’ effortful control at the second year had a negative impact o mother’s authoritarian discipline at the third year. On the other hand, paternal authoritative styles at the first year had sustantive impact on preschoolers’ effortful control, but not vice versa. Then preschoolers’ effortful control at second year had an impact on paternal disciplines at third year, but not vice versa. Paternal authoritarian styles at the first and second year had negative but nonsignificant impact on preschoolers’ effortful control at second and third year, but not vice versa. The results were discussed from the perspective of Chinese culture and family context.