宋代方志人物傳之演變與士人家族

The Development of Biographies in Local Gazetteers during the Song Dynasty and the Literati Families

宋代地方志的人物傳經歷幾次變化。宋初的方志原本是繼承隋唐圖經的傳統，屬篇幅較短的政府檔案，應無人物傳。自宋太宗大幅放寬進士名額後，經過大約兩代的時間，許多地方都開始培養出一批士人階層，方志隨之出現「人物」類別，以人名清單的形式，主要列出地方上最高仕宦成就的少數士人。南宋時期，有些地區的士人群體獲得進一步發展，其地的進士總額穩定成長。與此相應，南宋中期以前，隨著方志成為出版品，方志也發展出不分類的人物傳，這種體例一方面能夠容納更多的地方士人，一方面也能提供較多的人物生平資訊， 以向更廣大的政府官員及士人階層， 宣傳其士人社群的科舉及仕宦成就。有些方志甚至直接以「進士題名」作為「人物」類的內容。1190 年代以後，有些科舉表現較佳地區的士人家族獲得進一步發展，他們能夠較長期的讓成員通過進士考試，維持統治階級地位，並可能穩定的佔據地方進士總額至少40%的人數。此期的方志人物傳，從而也就出現以家族分類的編纂方式，用以凸顯地方家族的科舉與仕宦成就，可說此時方志已出現地方士人家族之「公共族譜」性質。由此可知，南宋中期以後，家族已成為進士考試中不可忽視的力量，而其具體細節，仍有待進一步研究。

This paper describes the changes that gazetteers underwent during the course of the Song dynasty. At the start of the dynasty, gazetteers conformed to the style of the gazetteers of previous Sui and Tang dynasties; their subject matter was primarily geographical information, with no attention devoted to the writing of individual biographies. Things began to change after the reign of Song Taizong. He increased the number of jinshi that were allowed, and within two or three generations many communities saw the emergence of a literati class. Gazetteers, in turn, began to chronicle the lives of the literati. After 1190, various clans became especially successful in passing the civil service exam, with as many as 40% of all jinshi received going to just a few prominent families. Chronicles of these families began to appear in gazetteers; some of them even had a new category designed specifically to highlight the achievements of various families in passing the civil service exam and in obtaining official posts. From these considerations, it emerges that during the Song dynasty, prominent families became a force that had to be reckoned with both in local politics and in the imperial service exams.